Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in mangrove sediments, Red Sea coast.

Due to the significance of mangroves for the diversity of marine and terrestrial life along the Red Sea coast, the present work aimed to evaluate the environmental and health risk of heavy metals in Wadi el-Gemal sediments. The findings of single and integrated indices demonstrated no significant pollution with Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cd, while the sediments showed severe and minor enrichment with Mn and Cd, respectively, which might be attributed to the presence of some mining activities in the mountains near the study area. The possible carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks due to their dermal absorption from the sediments were analyzed and the findings demonstrated that the non-carcinogenic health hazards were within tolerable and safe limits. Moreover, the evaluation of chronic daily intake and the overall cancer risk (LCR) for adults and children for Pb and Cd both ruled out any current potential carcinogenic health risks.