Preparing for simultaneous action and inaction: Temporal dynamics and target levels of inhibitory control.

When a single action is required, along with the simultaneous inhibition of another action, this typically results in frequent false-positive executions of the latter (inhibition failures). The absence of inhibitory demands in dual-action trials can render performance less error-prone (and sometimes faster) than in single-action trials. In the present study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of inhibitory control difficulties by varying the preparation time (for simultaneous action execution and inhibition). In two experiments, participants responded to a single peripheral visual target either with an eye movement toward it (Single Saccade), with a spatially corresponding button press (Single Manual), or with both responses simultaneously (Dual Action) as indicated by a color cue. Preparation time was manipulated via the cue-stimulus interval within blocks (Experiment 1) and between blocks (Experiment 2). Overall, responses were faster with longer (vs. shorter) preparation time. Crucially, however, our results reveal the exact dynamics of how inhibition failures (and thus dual-action benefits) in both response modalities substantially decrease with longer preparation, even though the cue did not contain information regarding the fully specified response that needed to be inhibited (i.e., its direction). These results highlight the role of sufficient preparation time not only for efficient action execution but also for concurrent inhibitory performance. The study contradicts the idea that inhibition can only be exerted globally or on the level of a fully specified response. Instead, it may also be directed at effector system representations or all associated responses, suggesting a highly flexible targeting of inhibitory control in cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).