Racialised identity, racism and the mental health of children and adolescents.

As a social justice issue, it is suggested that racialised identity may represent a critical moderator in the association between racism and adverse mental health. We performed a meta-moderation analysis of studies on racialised identity, racism and adverse mental health in children and adolescents. We searched Pubmed, Web of Science, SocINDEX, PsychInfo, Medline, CINAHL and EBSCO Academic Search Ultimate for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2013 and December 2022. Nine studies, encompassing 2146 Black, Moroccan, Turkish, Indigenous, South Korean, Latinx and Multi-heritage children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 16, were included, covering depressive symptoms, substance use, internalising symptoms and externalising symptoms. A random effect meta-analysis reported a medium size positive correlation of 0.26 (95% CI = 0.20-0.32) between racism and adverse mental health. A comparison between internalising and externalising symptoms revealed a smaller positive correlation of 0.25 (95% CI = 0.09-0.41) for internalising symptoms and a slightly larger positive correlation of 0.30 (95% CI = 0.19-0.41) for externalising symptoms. A small negative moderation of -0.07 (95% CI = -0.17 to 0.02) was found for racialised identity in the association between racism and internalising symptoms, whilst no moderation was found between racism and externalising symptoms. Overall, a negligible moderation of -0.02 (95% CI = -0.08-0.05) was found for racialised identity in the association of racism to adverse mental health. These findings suggest that the effect of racism on internalising symptoms is slightly stronger for children and adolescents with lower racialised identities and slightly weaker for those with higher racialised identities.