Invasive Pulmonary Angiogram Performance and Interpretation in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease.

Invasive or selective pulmonary angiography has historically been used as the gold standard diagnostic test for the evaluation of a wide array of pulmonary arterial conditions, most commonly pulmonary thromboembolic diseases. With the emergence of various noninvasive imaging modalities, the role of invasive pulmonary angiography is shifting to the assistance of advanced pharmacomechanical therapies for such conditions. Components of invasive pulmonary angiography methodology include optimal patient positioning, vascular access, catheter selections, angiographic positioning, contrast settings, and recognition of angiographic patterns of common thromboembolic and nonthromboembolic conditions. We review the pulmonary vascular anatomy, step-by-step performance, and interpretation of invasive pulmonary angiography.