Devoe Daniel J, Lui Lu, Cannon Tyrone D, Cadenhead Kristin Suzanne, Cornblatt Barbara A, Keshavan Matcheri, McGlashan Tom H, Perkins Diana O, Seidman Larry J, Stone William S, Tsuang Ming T, Woods Scott W, Walker Elaine F, Mathalon Daniel H, Bearden Carrie E, Addington Jean
Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Department of Psychology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Front Psychiatry. 2023 May 24;14:1125168. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1125168. eCollection 2023.
Persistent negative symptoms (PNS) are described as continuing moderate negative symptoms. More severe negative symptoms have been associated with poor premorbid functioning in both chronic schizophrenia and first episode psychosis patients. Furthermore, youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing psychosis may also present with negative symptoms and poor premorbid functioning. The aim of this current study was to: (1) define the relationship between PNS and premorbid functioning, life events, trauma and bullying, previous cannabis use, and resource utilization, and (2) to examine what explanatory variables best predicted PNS.
CHR participants ( = 709) were recruited from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS 2). Participants were divided into two groups: those with PNS ( = 67) versus those without PNS ( = 673). A K-means cluster analysis was conducted to distinguish patterns of premorbid functioning across the different developmental stages. The relationships between premorbid adjustment and other variables were examined using independent samples t-tests or chi square for categorical variables.
There was significantly more males in the PNS group. Participants with PNS had significantly lower levels of premorbid adjustment in childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescence, compared to CHR participants without PNS. There were no differences between the groups in terms of trauma, bullying, and resource utilization. The non-PNS group had more cannabis use and more desirable and non-desirable life events.
In terms of better understanding relationships between early factors and PNS, a prominent factor associated with PNS was premorbid functioning, in particular poor premorbid functioning in later adolescence.
持续性阴性症状（PNS）被描述为持续存在的中度阴性症状。在慢性精神分裂症患者和首发精神病患者中，更严重的阴性症状都与病前功能不良有关。此外，处于临床高危（CHR）状态的青少年在发展为精神病时也可能出现阴性症状和病前功能不良。本研究的目的是：（1）确定PNS与病前功能、生活事件、创伤和欺凌、既往大麻使用及资源利用之间的关系，以及（2）研究哪些解释变量能最好地预测PNS。
从北美前驱期纵向研究（NAPLS 2）中招募CHR参与者（n = 709）。参与者被分为两组：有PNS的参与者（n = 67）和无PNS的参与者（n = 673）。进行K均值聚类分析以区分不同发育阶段病前功能的模式。使用独立样本t检验或分类变量的卡方检验来研究病前适应与其他变量之间的关系。
PNS组男性显著更多。与无PNS的CHR参与者相比，有PNS的参与者在童年、青春期早期和晚期的病前适应水平显著更低。两组在创伤、欺凌和资源利用方面没有差异。无PNS组有更多的大麻使用以及更多期望和非期望的生活事件。
为了更好地理解早期因素与PNS之间的关系，与PNS相关的一个突出因素是病前功能，特别是青春期后期的病前功能不良。
