Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
Exp Neurol. 2023 Sep;367:114461. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114461. Epub 2023 Jun 8.
Brain organoids are 3D cytoarchitectures resembling the embryonic human brain. This review focuses on current advancements in biomedical engineering methods to develop organoids such as pluripotent stem cells assemblies, quickly aggregated floating culture, hydrogel suspension, microfluidic systems (both photolithography and 3D printing), and brain organoids-on-a-chip. These methods have the potential to create a large impact on neurological disorder studies by creating a model of the human brain investigating pathogenesis and drug screening for individual patients. 3D brain organoid cultures mimic not only features of patients' unknown drug reactions, but also early human brain development at cellular, structural, and functional levels. The challenge of current brain organoids lies in the formation of distinct cortical neuron layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, as they are critically specialized, developmental aspects. Furthermore, recent advances such as vascularization and genome engineering are in development to overcome the barrier of neuronal complexity. Future technology of brain organoids is needed to improve tissue cross-communication, body axis simulation, cell patterning signals, and spatial-temporal control of differentiation, as engineering methods discussed in this review are rapidly evolving.
脑类器官是类似于胚胎人脑的 3D 细胞结构。本综述重点介绍了当前生物医学工程方法的进展，以开发类器官，如多能干细胞组装、快速聚集的悬浮培养、水凝胶悬浮、微流控系统（光刻和 3D 打印）以及类器官芯片。这些方法有可能通过创建一个研究发病机制和为个体患者进行药物筛选的人脑模型，对神经疾病研究产生重大影响。3D 脑类器官培养不仅模拟了患者未知药物反应的特征，还模拟了早期人类大脑在细胞、结构和功能水平上的发育。当前脑类器官的挑战在于形成独特的皮质神经元层、脑回和建立复杂的神经元电路，因为它们是关键的特化和发育方面。此外，最近的进展，如血管化和基因组工程，正在开发中，以克服神经元复杂性的障碍。需要未来的脑类器官技术来改善组织交叉通讯、模拟身体轴、细胞模式信号以及分化的时空控制，因为本综述中讨论的工程方法正在迅速发展。
