Ziegler Paul, Appenroth Klaus J, Sree K Sowjanya
Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
Matthias Schleiden Institute-Plant Physiology, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
Plants (Basel). 2023 Jun 3;12(11):2215. doi: 10.3390/plants12112215.
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants that grow on or just below the surface of quiet waters. They consist primarily of leaf-like assimilatory organs, or fronds, that reproduce mainly by vegetative replication. Despite their diminutive size and inornate habit, duckweeds have been able to colonize and maintain themselves in almost all of the world's climate zones. They are thereby subject to multiple adverse influences during the growing season, such as high temperatures, extremes of light intensity and pH, nutrient shortage, damage by microorganisms and herbivores, the presence of harmful substances in the water, and competition from other aquatic plants, and they must also be able to withstand winter cold and drought that can be lethal to the fronds. This review discusses the means by which duckweeds come to grips with these adverse influences to ensure their survival. Important duckweed attributes in this regard are a pronounced potential for rapid growth and frond replication, a juvenile developmental status facilitating adventitious organ formation, and clonal diversity. Duckweeds have specific features at their disposal for coping with particular environmental difficulties and can also cooperate with other organisms of their surroundings to improve their survival chances.
浮萍（浮萍科）是小型的、结构简单的水生高等植物，生长在平静水面上或水面之下。它们主要由叶状同化器官即叶状体组成，主要通过营养繁殖进行繁殖。尽管浮萍体型微小且习性普通，但它们能够在世界上几乎所有气候带定殖并维持自身生存。因此，在生长季节它们会受到多种不利影响，如高温、光照强度和pH值的极端变化、养分短缺、微生物和食草动物的损害、水中有害物质的存在以及与其他水生植物的竞争，而且它们还必须能够抵御可能对叶状体致命的冬季寒冷和干旱。本综述讨论了浮萍应对这些不利影响以确保其生存的方式。在这方面，浮萍的重要特性包括显著的快速生长和叶状体繁殖潜力、有利于不定器官形成的幼年发育状态以及克隆多样性。浮萍具有特定的特征来应对特定的环境困难，还能与周围的其他生物合作以提高其生存几率。
