Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
BMC Public Health. 2023 Jun 10;23(1):1114. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15973-5.
Sexual violence by young men against women is common, but efficacious primary prevention interventions tailored to men are limited in low- and middle-income settings like Vietnam. GlobalConsent, a web-based sexual violence prevention intervention tailored to university men in Hanoi, is efficacious. Implementation research is needed to understand facilitators and barriers to scaling GlobalConsent and prevention programs generally. We conducted qualitative research with key informants from three youth-focused organizational settings to understand the context of implementation in Vietnam.
Interviews with university (n = 15), high-school (n = 15) and non-governmental (n = 15) key informants focused on perceptions about sexual violence among young people and prevention programming. Four focus group discussions with 22 interviewed informants, following the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, asked about facilitators and barriers to implementing GlobalConsent. Narratives were transcribed, translated, and coded inductively and deductively to identify salient themes.
Outer-setting influences included greater expectations for sex among young people alongside norms favoring men's sexual privilege, ostensibly ambiguous and lax laws on sexual violence, government ministries as bureaucratic but potential allies, external subject-matter experts, and the media. Inner-setting influences included variable cultures regarding openness to discuss sexual violence and equitable gender norms, variable departmental coordination, limited funding and 'red tape' especially in public institutions, inconsistent student access to technologies, and limited time and competing priorities among students and teachers. Several actors were considered influential, including institutional leaders, human-resource staff, the Youth Union, and student-facing staff. Important characteristics of individuals for implementation included subject-matter expertise, science or social science training, younger age, engagement in social justice related activities, and more open attitudes about sex. Regarding characteristics of sexual violence prevention programming, some participants preferred online formats for busy students while others suggested hybrid or in-person formats, peer education, and incentives. Participants generally accepted the content of GlobalConsent and suggested adding more content for women, ancillary support services, and adapted content for high-school students.
Implementation of sexual violence prevention programs in youth-focused organizations in Vietnam requires multilevel strategies that connect outer-setting subject-matter experts with supportive inner-setting leaders and student-facing staff to overcome normative and organizational constraints, and thereby, to deliver institution-wide programming.
年轻男性对女性的性暴力行为很常见，但针对这种行为的有效初级预防干预措施在越南等中低收入国家却很有限。GlobalConsent 是一款针对河内大学生的网络性暴力预防干预措施，已被证明是有效的。为了了解扩大 GlobalConsent 和一般预防计划的实施的促进因素和障碍，需要进行实施研究。我们对三个以青年为重点的组织环境中的主要信息提供者进行了定性研究，以了解越南实施情况的背景。
对大学（n=15）、高中（n=15）和非政府组织（n=15）的主要信息提供者进行了访谈，重点是了解年轻人对性暴力和预防方案的看法。根据实施研究的综合框架，对 22 名接受访谈的信息提供者进行了四次焦点小组讨论，询问了实施 GlobalConsent 的促进因素和障碍。对叙述内容进行了转录、翻译和归纳与演绎编码，以确定突出的主题。
外部环境的影响因素包括年轻人对性的期望更高，同时支持男性的性特权，性暴力方面的法律显然模棱两可且宽松，政府部门虽然官僚但可能是盟友，外部主题专家，以及媒体。内部环境的影响因素包括对讨论性暴力和公平性别规范的开放程度、部门协调的变化、公共机构的资金和“繁文缛节”有限、学生对技术的获取不一致、学生和教师的时间有限且优先事项相互竞争。一些行为者被认为具有影响力，包括机构领导者、人力资源工作人员、青年联盟和面向学生的工作人员。对实施具有重要影响的个人特征包括主题专业知识、科学或社会科学培训、年轻、从事与社会正义相关的活动以及对性的更开放态度。关于性暴力预防方案的特点，一些参与者更喜欢为忙碌的学生提供在线格式，而另一些参与者则建议采用混合或面对面格式、同伴教育和激励措施。参与者普遍接受 GlobalConsent 的内容，并建议增加针对女性的内容、辅助支持服务和针对高中生的改编内容。
在越南以青年为重点的组织中实施性暴力预防方案需要多层次的策略，将外部环境的主题专家与支持性的内部环境的领导者和面向学生的工作人员联系起来，以克服规范和组织上的限制，从而提供全机构的方案。
