Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
Sports Medicine, Assessment, Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, 9100 Freedom Center Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
Hum Mov Sci. 2023 Aug;90:103115. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103115. Epub 2023 Jun 15.
Providing choices, i.e., autonomy, to athletes during practice increases intrinsic motivation and positively influences the motor learning process. The effects of autonomy on the timing of feedback (self-controlled timing of feedback) when optimizing the movement execution of sidestep cutting (SSC), a task that is highly related with ACL injury risk, are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled timing of video and EF-feedback on movement execution of SSC in team sport athletes. Thirty healthy ball team sport athletes (22.9 ± 1.7 years, 185.5 ± 7.2 cm, 79.3 ± 9.2 kg) were recruited from local sports clubs. Participants were alternately assigned to the self-control (SC) or the yoked (YK) group based on arrival and performed five anticipated and five unanticipated 45° SSC trials as pre-, immediate-post and one-week retention test. Movement execution was measured with the Cutting Movement Assessment Score (CMAS). Training consisted of three randomized 45° SSC conditions: one anticipated and two unanticipated conditions. All participants received expert video instructions and were instructed to 'try to do your best in copying the movement of the expert'. The SC group was allowed to request feedback whenever they wanted during training. The feedback consisted of 1) CMAS score, 2) posterior and sagittal videos of the last trial and 3) an external focus verbal cue on how to improve their execution. The participants were told to lower their score and they knew the lower the score, the better. The YK group received feedback after the same trial on which their matched participant in the SC group had requested feedback. Data of twenty-two participants (50% in SC group) was analyzed. Pre-test and training CMAS scores between groups were equal (p > 0.05). In the anticipated condition, the SC group (1.7 ± 0.9) had better CMAS scores than the YK group (2.4 ± 1.1) at the retention test (p < 0.001). Additionally, in the anticipated condition, the SC group showed improved movement execution during immediate-post (2.0 ± 1.1) compared to pre-test (3.0 ± 1.0), which was maintained during retention (p < 0.001). The YK group also improved in the anticipated condition during immediate-post (1.8 ± 1.1) compared to pre-test (2.6 ± 1.0) (p < 0.001) but showed decreased movement execution during retention compared to immediate-post test (p = 0.001). In conclusion, self-controlled timing of feedback resulted in better learning and greater improvements in movement execution compared to the control group in the anticipated condition. Self-controlled timing of feedback seems beneficial in optimizing movement execution in SSC and is advised to be implemented in ACL injury prevention programs.
在练习过程中为运动员提供选择，即自主性，可以提高内在动机，并对运动学习过程产生积极影响。自主性对反馈时机（自我控制反馈时机）的影响在优化侧步切割（SSC）的运动执行方面尚不清楚，SSC 是一种与 ACL 损伤风险高度相关的任务。本研究旨在调查自我控制视频和 EF 反馈对团队运动运动员 SSC 运动执行的影响。从当地体育俱乐部招募了 30 名健康的球类运动运动员（22.9 ± 1.7 岁，185.5 ± 7.2 厘米，79.3 ± 9.2 公斤）。参与者根据到达情况交替分配到自我控制（SC）或配对（YK）组，并进行了 5 次预期和 5 次非预期的 45°SSC 试验，作为预测试、即时后测试和一周保留测试。运动执行情况通过切割运动评估得分（CMAS）进行测量。训练包括三个随机的 45°SSC 条件：一个预期条件和两个非预期条件。所有参与者都接受了专家视频指导，并被指示“尽力模仿专家的动作”。SC 组在训练期间可以随时要求反馈。反馈包括 1）CMAS 得分，2）最后一次试验的后向和矢状视频，3）关于如何提高执行能力的外部焦点口头提示。参与者被告知要降低分数，他们知道分数越低，越好。YK 组在与 SC 组中匹配参与者请求反馈的同一试验后收到反馈。对 22 名参与者（SC 组的 50%）的数据进行了分析。组间预测试和训练的 CMAS 得分相等（p>0.05）。在预期条件下，SC 组（1.7 ± 0.9）在保留测试时的 CMAS 得分优于 YK 组（2.4 ± 1.1）（p<0.001）。此外，在预期条件下，SC 组在即时后测试时（2.0 ± 1.1）的运动执行情况较预测试时（3.0 ± 1.0）有所改善，这一情况在保留测试时得以维持（p<0.001）。YK 组在预期条件下也在即时后测试时（1.8 ± 1.1）较预测试时（2.6 ± 1.0）有所改善（p<0.001），但在保留测试时较即时后测试时的运动执行情况有所下降（p=0.001）。总之，与对照组相比，自我控制反馈时机在预期条件下导致了更好的学习和更大的运动执行改善。自我控制反馈时机似乎有利于优化 SSC 的运动执行，并建议将其纳入 ACL 损伤预防计划中。
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