Early menopause and premature ovarian insufficiency may increase the risk of sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE

Menopausal transition, resulting from a decline in estrogen concentrations, may compromise musculoskeletal health. However, it is unclear if early menopause (defined as age at menopause <45 years) and premature ovarian insufficiency (defined as age at menopause <40 years) are associated with increased risk of sarcopenia. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize studies evaluating the association between age at menopause and risk of sarcopenia.

METHODS

A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, CENTRAL and Scopus, up to 31 December 2022. Data were expressed as standardized mean difference with 95 % confidence intervals. The I index was employed to evaluate heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Six studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis, with a total of 18,291 post-menopausal women. Compared with women of normal age at menopause (>45 years), women with early menopause demonstrated lower muscle mass, assessed by appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body mass index [standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.14, 95 % confidence interval (CI) -0.20 to -0.07, p < 0.001; I 0%]. However, no differences in muscle strength, assessed by handgrip strength (SMD -0.15, 95 % CI -0.31 to 0.01, p = 0.071; I 72%), and muscle performance, assessed by gait speed (SMD -0.11, 95 % CI -0.29 to 0.05, p = 0.18; I 79%), were found. Women with premature ovarian insufficiency had lower handgrip strength (SMD -0.3, 95 % CI -0.58 to -0.01, p = 0.04; I 74.6 %) and gait speed (SMD -0.13, 95 % CI -0.23 to -0.04, p = 0.004; I 0%) compared with women of normal age at menopause.

CONCLUSION

Early menopause is associated with reduced muscle mass and premature ovarian insufficiency with reduced muscle strength and performance compared with normal age at menopause.