Treatment of Difficult, Calcified Lesions: Plaque Modification Strategies.

Endovascular management of peripheral arterial disease is continually evolving. Most changes focus on addressing the challenges that hinder optimal patient outcomes; one of the most significant is how to best treat calcified lesions. Hardened plaque results in a variety of technical issues including impaired device delivery, decreased luminal revascularization, poor stent expansion, heightened risk of in-stent stenosis or thrombosis, and increased procedural time and cost. For this reason, plaque modification devices have been developed to mitigate this issue. This paper will describe these strategies and provide the reader with an overview of devices that can be used to treat chronically hardened lesions.