Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India.
Toxicol In Vitro. 2023 Sep;91:105633. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105633. Epub 2023 Jun 17.
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal with no physiological role in the human body. Cadmium has high mobility due to its widespread industrial use, with no safe and effective therapeutic management. Cadmium toxicity manifests by increasing oxidative stress in target cells. We have explored the potential role of vanillin, a plant phenolic aldehyde and antioxidant, in mitigating cadmium chloride (CdCl) induced hemotoxicity using isolated human erythrocytes. CdCl was added to erythrocytes, in the absence and presence of vanillin. Incubation of erythrocytes with CdCl alone inhibited methemoglobin reductase and enhanced methemoglobin level. Heme degradation and release of free iron (Fe), along with protein and membrane lipid oxidation, were also increased. A CdCl-induced enhancement in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species was also seen, lowering the overall antioxidant power of cells. However, pre-incubation of erythrocytes with vanillin resulted in significant decreased generation of reactive species and prevented heme degradation and heme oxidation. Vanillin augmented the erythrocyte antioxidant capacity and reinstated the activities of major antioxidant, plasma membrane-bound and glucose metabolism enzymes. Scanning electron microscopy showed that CdCl treatment led to the formation of echinocytes which was prevented by vanillin. In all cases, no harmful effects of vanillin alone were seen. Thus, vanillin alleviates the toxicity of cadmium and can be potentially employed as a chemoprotectant against the damaging effects of this heavy metal.
镉是一种有毒的重金属，在人体中没有生理作用。由于其广泛的工业用途，镉具有很高的迁移性，目前还没有安全有效的治疗管理方法。镉毒性通过增加靶细胞中的氧化应激来表现。我们使用分离的人红细胞探索了香草醛（一种植物酚醛和抗氧化剂）在减轻氯化镉（CdCl）诱导的血液毒性方面的潜在作用。将 CdCl 添加到红细胞中，在不存在和存在香草醛的情况下。单独孵育红细胞会抑制高铁血红蛋白还原酶并增加高铁血红蛋白水平。血红素降解和游离铁（Fe）的释放，以及蛋白质和膜脂质的氧化，也增加了。还观察到 CdCl 诱导的活性氧和氮物种的增强，降低了细胞的整体抗氧化能力。然而，用香草醛预先孵育红细胞会导致活性物质的产生显着减少，并防止血红素降解和血红素氧化。香草醛增强了红细胞的抗氧化能力，并恢复了主要抗氧化剂、质膜结合和葡萄糖代谢酶的活性。扫描电子显微镜显示，CdCl 处理会导致形成棘红细胞，而香草醛可防止这种情况的发生。在所有情况下，都没有单独使用香草醛的有害影响。因此，香草醛减轻了镉的毒性，并可作为一种化学保护剂，用于预防这种重金属的破坏性影响。
