Acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome associated with a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitor and platinum-based chemotherapy.

Therapy related-acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) are complications of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy for malignant diseases. In this report, we describe a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma who developed autoimmune hemolytic anemia and MDS associated with a combination of atezolizumab and platinum-based chemotherapy. The patient showed progression from t-MDS to t-AML 20 months after the treatment was initiated. A combination of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and chemotherapy may increase the risk of developing therapy-related myeloid neoplasms. As the prognosis of t-AML and t-MDS is poorer than that of de novo AML and MDS, proper surveillance, follow-up, and treatment are needed throughout the course of immunotherapy.