Pent Kaarel, Naudi Sigmar, Raimets Risto, Jürison Margret, Liiskmann Egle, Karise Reet
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
Front Physiol. 2023 Jun 6;14:1198070. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1198070. eCollection 2023.
Declines in honeybee abundance have been observed worldwide during last decades. This is partly due to plant protection agents used in intensive farming, landscaping and infrastructure maintenance. Another type of factors negatively affecting honeybees is the spread of diseases caused by different pathogens and pests. Lately, more focus has been paid to the interactions between different overlapping stressors affecting honeybee health, the combination of these often being more detrimental compared to individual stressors. The most widely used stress-evaluating methods take into account lethal- or motorial changes of the individuals or colonies. Comparatively little honeybee research has examined changes in initial recovery potential and physiological symptoms of toxification. The aim of this study was to examine the combined effect of and (according to a newer classification and ), the common causes of nosemosis in the honeybee L., with the insecticide dimethoate. In this study, honeybee mortality and metabolic rate were used to assess the combined effects interactions of ssp. and dimethoate. Our results showed that exposure to the low concentration of either dimethoate, either one or both species of ssp as single factors or in the combination had no significant effect on honeybee metabolic rate. The mortality increased with the two spp., as well as with infection by alone. The effect of dimethoate was observed only in combination with infection, which alone had no effect on individual honeybee mortality. This study demonstrates that the overlapping exposure to a non-lethal concentration of a pesticide and a pathogen can be hidden by stronger stressor but become observable with milder stressors.
在过去几十年中，全球范围内都观察到蜜蜂数量的下降。部分原因是集约化农业、景观美化和基础设施维护中使用的植物保护剂。另一类对蜜蜂产生负面影响的因素是由不同病原体和害虫引起的疾病传播。最近，人们更加关注影响蜜蜂健康的不同重叠应激源之间的相互作用，这些应激源的组合通常比单个应激源更具危害性。最广泛使用的应激评估方法考虑了个体或蜂群的致死或运动变化。相对而言，很少有蜜蜂研究考察初始恢复潜力和中毒生理症状的变化。本研究的目的是研究蜜蜂微孢子虫（根据更新的分类为东方蜜蜂微孢子虫和西方蜜蜂微孢子虫）这两种蜜蜂微孢子虫病的常见病因与杀虫剂乐果的联合作用。在本研究中，蜜蜂死亡率和代谢率被用来评估东方蜜蜂微孢子虫和乐果的联合效应相互作用。我们的结果表明，单独或组合暴露于低浓度的乐果、东方蜜蜂微孢子虫的一个或两个物种作为单一因素，对蜜蜂代谢率没有显著影响。东方蜜蜂微孢子虫的两个物种以及单独感染东方蜜蜂微孢子虫都会使死亡率增加。仅在与东方蜜蜂微孢子虫感染联合时观察到乐果的影响，东方蜜蜂微孢子虫单独对个体蜜蜂死亡率没有影响。这项研究表明，同时暴露于非致死浓度的杀虫剂和病原体可能会被更强的应激源掩盖，但在较弱的应激源下会变得明显。
