Seasonal variation of inorganic carbon parameters and air-sea exchange of CO in Marian Cove, King George Island, Western Antarctic Peninsula.

Inorganic carbon parameters were observed in Marian Cove, King George Island, Western Antarctic Peninsula, to assess the impact of the Antarctic coastal regions on air-sea CO exchange. The variations in total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were caused by ice melting, formation, and biological activities. The net annual air-sea CO flux (5.6 ± 11.8 mmol m d) indicated that Marian Cove was a CO source in the atmosphere, suggesting the opposite role of the Antarctic coastal regions to the Southern Ocean in CO flux estimates. Finally, this study identified the controlling factors of the annual variation of TA and DIC for the first time through direct field observations in King George Island. This study indicated that Antarctic coastal regions can act as a CO source to the atmosphere. Thus, further investigations and continuous monitoring are required in the coastal areas to improve our understanding of global carbon cycles.