用于先进应用的替代部分氢化脂肪产品的脂肪改性趋势
Trends in Fat Modifications Enabling Alternative Partially Hydrogenated Fat Products Proposed for Advanced Application.
作者信息
Zbikowska Anna, Onacik-Gür Sylwia, Kowalska Małgorzata, Zbikowska Katarzyna, Feszterová Melánia
机构信息
Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food Assessment and Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Meat and Fat Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
出版信息
Gels. 2023 Jun 1;9(6):453. doi: 10.3390/gels9060453.
The natural properties of oils and fats do not always allow for their direct use in industry (e.g., for food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals). Furthermore, such raw materials are often too expensive. Nowadays, the requirements for the quality and safety of fat products are increasing. For this reason, oils and fats are subjected to various modifications that make it possible to obtain a product with the desired characteristics and good quality that meets the needs of product buyers and technologists. The modification techniques of oils and fats change their physical (e.g., raise the melting point) and chemical properties (e.g., fatty acid composition). Conventional fat modification methods (hydrogenation, fractionation, and chemical interesterification) do not always meet the expectations of consumers, nutritionists, and technologists. In particular, Hydrogenation, while it allows us to obtain delicious products from the point of view of technology, is criticised for nutritional reasons. During the partial hydrogenation process, trans-isomers (TFA), dangerous for health, are formed. One of the modifications that meets current environmental requirements and trends in product safety and sustainable production is the enzymatic interesterification of fats. The unquestionable advantages of this process are the wide spectrum of possibilities for designing the product and its functional properties. After the interesterification process, the biologically active fatty acids in the fatty raw materials remain intact. However, this method is associated with high production costs. Oleogelation is a novel method of structuring liquid oils with small oil-gelling substances (even 1%). Based on the type of oleogelator, the methods of preparation can differ. Most oleogels of low molecular weight (waxes, monoglycerides, and sterols) and ethyl cellulose are prepared by dispersion in heated oil, while oleogels of high molecular weight require dehydration of the emulsion system or solvent exchange. This technique does not change the chemical composition of the oils, which allows them to keep their nutritional value. The properties of oleogels can be designed according to technological needs. Therefore, oleogelation is a future-proof solution that can reduce the consumption of TFA and saturated fatty acids while enriching the diet with unsaturated fatty acids. Oleogels can be named "fats of the future" as a new and healthy alternative for partially hydrogenated fats in foods.
油脂的天然特性并不总是使其能够直接用于工业(如食品、化妆品和药品)。此外,此类原材料往往过于昂贵。如今,对脂肪产品的质量和安全性要求日益提高。因此,油脂要经过各种改性处理,以便能够获得具有所需特性且质量良好、符合产品买家和技术人员需求的产品。油脂的改性技术会改变其物理性质(如提高熔点)和化学性质(如脂肪酸组成)。传统的油脂改性方法(氢化、分馏和化学酯交换)并不总能满足消费者、营养学家和技术人员的期望。特别是氢化,虽然从技术角度看能让我们获得美味产品,但因其营养方面的原因而受到批评。在部分氢化过程中,会形成对健康有害的反式异构体(反式脂肪酸)。符合当前环境要求以及产品安全和可持续生产趋势的改性方法之一是脂肪的酶促酯交换。该过程的明显优势在于设计产品及其功能特性的可能性范围广泛。酯交换过程之后,脂肪原料中的生物活性脂肪酸保持完整。然而,这种方法生产成本高昂。油凝胶化是一种用少量油凝胶化物质(甚至1%)构建液态油结构的新方法。根据油凝胶剂的类型,制备方法可能不同。大多数低分子量的油凝胶(蜡、单甘油酯和甾醇)以及乙基纤维素是通过在加热的油中分散来制备的,而高分子量的油凝胶则需要乳液体系脱水或进行溶剂交换。这种技术不会改变油的化学成分,从而使其保持营养价值。油凝胶的性质可根据技术需求进行设计。因此,油凝胶化是一种面向未来的解决方案,能够减少反式脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的消耗,同时用不饱和脂肪酸丰富饮食。油凝胶可被称为“未来的脂肪”,作为食品中部分氢化脂肪的一种新型健康替代品。