Chen Sihao, Liu Yu, Patrick Samantha C, Goodale Eben, Safran Rebecca J, Pagani-Núñez Emilio
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Suzhou China.
Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK.
Ecol Evol. 2023 Jul 3;13(7):e10259. doi: 10.1002/ece3.10259. eCollection 2023 Jul.
Urbanization has dramatically altered Earth's landscapes and changed a multitude of environmental factors. This has resulted in intense land-use change, and adverse consequences such as the urban heat island effect (UHI), noise pollution, and artificial light at night (ALAN). However, there is a lack of research on the combined effects of these environmental factors on life-history traits and fitness, and on how these interactions shape food resources and drive patterns of species persistence. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature and created a comprehensive framework of the mechanistic pathways by which urbanization affects fitness and thus favors certain species. We found that urbanization-induced changes in urban vegetation, habitat quality, spring temperature, resource availability, acoustic environment, nighttime light, and species behaviors (e.g., laying, foraging, and communicating) influence breeding choices, optimal time windows that reduce phenological mismatch, and breeding success. Insectivorous and omnivorous species that are especially sensitive to temperature often experience advanced laying behaviors and smaller clutch sizes in urban areas. By contrast, some granivorous and omnivorous species experience little difference in clutch size and number of fledglings because urban areas make it easier to access anthropogenic food resources and to avoid predation. Furthermore, the interactive effect of land-use change and UHI on species could be synergistic in locations where habitat loss and fragmentation are greatest and when extreme-hot weather events take place in urban areas. However, in some instances, UHI may mitigate the impact of land-use changes at local scales and provide suitable breeding conditions by shifting the environment to be more favorable for species' thermal limits and by extending the time window in which food resources are available in urban areas. As a result, we determined five broad directions for further research to highlight that urbanization provides a great opportunity to study environmental filtering processes and population dynamics.
城市化极大地改变了地球的景观，改变了众多环境因素。这导致了剧烈的土地利用变化以及诸如城市热岛效应（UHI）、噪声污染和夜间人工照明（ALAN）等不利后果。然而，关于这些环境因素对生活史特征和适合度的综合影响，以及这些相互作用如何塑造食物资源和推动物种存续模式的研究却很缺乏。在此，我们系统地回顾了文献，并创建了一个全面的框架，阐述城市化影响适合度从而有利于某些物种的作用机制途径。我们发现，城市化引起的城市植被、栖息地质量、春季温度、资源可用性、声学环境、夜间光照以及物种行为（如产卵、觅食和交流）的变化会影响繁殖选择、减少物候不匹配的最佳时间窗口以及繁殖成功率。对温度特别敏感的食虫和杂食性物种在城市地区通常会出现提前产卵行为且窝卵数较小。相比之下，一些食谷和杂食性物种的窝卵数和雏鸟数量差异不大，因为城市地区使获取人为食物资源和避免被捕食变得更容易。此外，在栖息地丧失和破碎化最严重的地区以及城市地区发生极端炎热天气事件时，土地利用变化和城市热岛效应对物种的交互作用可能具有协同性。然而，在某些情况下，城市热岛效应可能会在局部尺度上减轻土地利用变化的影响，并通过将环境转变为更有利于物种热极限的条件以及延长城市地区食物资源可用的时间窗口来提供适宜的繁殖条件。因此，我们确定了五个进一步研究的广泛方向，以突出城市化提供了研究环境过滤过程和种群动态的绝佳机会。
