Farrugia Drakard Veronica, Hollarsmith Jordan A, Stekoll Michael S
Juneau Center, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks Juneau Alaska USA.
Alaska Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Seattle Washington USA.
Ecol Evol. 2023 Jul 4;13(7):e10277. doi: 10.1002/ece3.10277. eCollection 2023 Jul.
Kelp forests worldwide are threatened by both climate change and localized anthropogenic impacts. Species with cold-temperate, subpolar, or polar distributions are projected to experience range contractions over the coming decades, which may be exacerbated by climatic events such as marine heatwaves and increased freshwater and sediment input from rapidly contracting glaciers. The northeast Pacific has an extensive history of harvesting and cultivating kelps for subsistence, commercial, and other uses, and, therefore, declines in kelp abundance and distributional shifts will have significant impacts on this region. Gaps in our understanding of how cold-temperate kelp species respond to climate stressors have limited our ability to forecast the status of kelp forests in future oceans, which hampers conservation and management efforts. Here, we conducted a structured literature review to provide a synthesis of the impacts of multiple climate-related stressors on kelp forests in the northeast Pacific, assess existing knowledge gaps, and suggest potential research priorities. We chose to focus on temperature, salinity, sediment load, and light as the stressors most likely to vary and impact kelps as climate change progresses. Our results revealed biases in the existing literature toward studies investigating the impacts of temperature, or temperature in combination with light. Other stressors, particularly salinity and sediment load, have received much less focus despite rapidly changing conditions in high-latitude regions. Furthermore, multiple stressor studies appear to focus on kelp sporophytes, and it is necessary that we improve our understanding of how kelp microstages will be affected by stressor combinations. Finally, studies that investigate the potential of experimental transplantation or selective cultivation of genotypes resilient to environmental changes are lacking and would be useful for the conservation of wild populations and the seaweed aquaculture industry.
全球范围内的海带森林受到气候变化和局部人为影响的双重威胁。预计在未来几十年中，具有寒温带、亚极地或极地分布的物种将经历分布范围的收缩，而诸如海洋热浪以及快速消退的冰川导致淡水和沉积物输入增加等气候事件可能会加剧这种情况。东北太平洋地区在为维持生计、商业及其他用途而进行海带捕捞和养殖方面有着悠久的历史，因此，海带丰度的下降和分布变化将对该地区产生重大影响。我们对寒温带海带物种如何应对气候压力因素的理解存在空白，这限制了我们预测未来海洋中海带森林状况的能力，进而阻碍了保护和管理工作。在此，我们进行了一项结构化文献综述，以综合阐述多种与气候相关的压力因素对东北太平洋海带森林的影响，评估现有的知识空白，并提出潜在的研究重点。随着气候变化的发展，我们选择重点关注温度、盐度、沉积物负荷和光照这几个最有可能变化并影响海带的压力因素。我们的研究结果显示，现有文献存在偏向性，更多地关注研究温度或温度与光照结合的影响。尽管高纬度地区的条件正在迅速变化，但其他压力因素，特别是盐度和沉积物负荷，受到的关注要少得多。此外，多压力因素研究似乎集中在海带孢子体上，我们有必要加深对海带微阶段将如何受到压力因素组合影响的理解。最后，缺乏研究实验性移植或选择性培育对环境变化具有抗性的基因型的潜力的研究，而这类研究对于野生种群的保护和海藻养殖业将是有益的。
