From the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience (Nelson), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychology (Harvie, Jain, Roos, Giuliano), University of Manitoba, Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada; and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience (Knight), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.
Psychosom Med. 2023 Sep 1;85(7):577-584. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001178. Epub 2023 Jul 7.
Heart rate is a transdiagnostic correlate of affective states and the stress diathesis model of health. Although most psychophysiological research has been conducted in laboratory environments, recent technological advances have provided the opportunity to index pulse rate dynamics in real-world environments with commercially available mobile health and wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors that allow for improved ecologically validity of psychophysiological research. Unfortunately, adoption of wearable devices is unevenly distributed across important demographic characteristics, including socioeconomic status, education, and age, making it difficult to collect pulse rate dynamics in diverse populations. Therefore, there is a need to democratize mobile health PPG research by harnessing more widely adopted smartphone-based PPG to both promote inclusivity and examine whether smartphone-based PPG can predict concurrent affective states.
In the current preregistered study with open data and code, we examined the covariation of smartphone-based PPG and self-reported stress and anxiety during an online variant of the Trier Social Stress Test, as well as prospective relationships between PPG and future perceptions of stress and anxiety in a sample of 102 university students.
Smartphone-based PPG significantly covaries with self-reported stress and anxiety during acute digital social stressors. PPG pulse rate was significantly associated with concurrent self-reported stress and anxiety ( b = 0.44, p = .018) as well as prospective stress and anxiety at the subsequent time points, although the strength of this association diminished the farther away pulse rate got from self-reported stress and anxiety (lag 1 model: b = 0.42, p = .024; lag 2 model: b = 0.38, p = .044).
These findings indicate that PPG provides a proximal measure of the physiological correlates of stress and anxiety. Smartphone-based PPG can be used as an inclusive method for diverse populations to index pulse rate in remote digital study designs.
心率是情感状态和健康应激素质模型的一种跨诊断相关因素。虽然大多数心理生理学研究都是在实验室环境中进行的，但最近的技术进步为使用商业上可用的移动健康和可穿戴光电容积脉搏波（PPG）传感器在现实环境中对脉搏率动态进行索引提供了机会，从而提高了心理生理学研究的生态有效性。不幸的是，可穿戴设备的采用在重要的人口统计学特征（包括社会经济地位、教育程度和年龄）方面分布不均，使得难以在不同人群中收集脉搏率动态。因此，需要利用更广泛采用的基于智能手机的 PPG 来使移动健康 PPG 研究民主化，以促进包容性并研究基于智能手机的 PPG 是否可以预测并发的情感状态。
在当前具有开放数据和代码的预先注册研究中，我们检查了基于智能手机的 PPG 与在线特里尔社会应激测试变体期间的自我报告的压力和焦虑之间的协变，以及在 102 名大学生样本中基于 PPG 与未来对压力和焦虑的感知之间的前瞻性关系。
基于智能手机的 PPG 与急性数字社交压力源期间的自我报告的压力和焦虑显著相关。PPG 脉搏率与同时报告的压力和焦虑（ b = 0.44， p =.018）以及随后时间点的前瞻性压力和焦虑显著相关，尽管这种关联的强度随着脉搏率与自我报告的压力和焦虑之间的距离越来越远而减弱（滞后 1 模型： b = 0.42， p =.024；滞后 2 模型： b = 0.38， p =.044）。
这些发现表明 PPG 提供了压力和焦虑的生理相关因素的近端测量。基于智能手机的 PPG 可以作为一种包容性方法，用于不同人群在远程数字研究设计中索引脉搏率。
