Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
Cell Tissue Res. 2023 Sep;393(3):425-442. doi: 10.1007/s00441-023-03785-3. Epub 2023 Jul 6.
Serum calcium homeostasis is mainly regulated by parathormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid gland. Besides PTH and Gcm2, a master gene for parathyroid differentiation, many genes are expressed in the gland. Especially, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and Klotho function to prevent increased secretion of PTH and hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland under chronic hypocalcemia. Parathyroid-specific dual deletion of Klotho and CaSR induces a marked enlargement of the glandular size. The parathyroid develops from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches except murine species in which the gland is derived from the third pouch only. The development of the murine parathyroid gland is categorized as follows: (1) formation and differentiation of the pharyngeal pouches, (2) appearance of parathyroid domain in the third pharyngeal pouch together with thymus domain, (3) migration of parathyroid primordium attached to the top of thymus, and (4) contact with the thyroid lobe and separation from the thymus. The transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in each of these developmental stages are elaborated. In addition, mesenchymal neural crest cells surrounding the pharyngeal pouches and parathyroid primordium and invading the parathyroid parenchyma participate in the development of the gland.
血清钙稳态主要由甲状旁腺分泌的甲状旁腺素（PTH）调节。除了甲状旁腺分化的主基因 Gcm2 外，甲状旁腺中还表达许多基因。特别是钙敏感受体（CaSR）、维生素 D 受体（VDR）和 Klotho 可防止慢性低钙血症时 PTH 分泌增加和甲状旁腺增生。甲状旁腺特异性 Klotho 和 CaSR 的双重缺失会导致腺体明显增大。甲状旁腺起源于第三和第四咽囊，除了鼠类，鼠类的腺体仅来源于第三咽囊。鼠类甲状旁腺的发育可分为以下四个阶段：（1）咽囊的形成和分化；（2）与胸腺域一起出现在第三咽囊的甲状旁腺域；（3）与胸腺顶部相连的甲状旁腺原基的迁移；（4）与甲状腺叶接触和与胸腺分离。详细阐述了参与这些发育阶段的转录因子和信号分子。此外，围绕咽囊和甲状旁腺原基的间充质神经嵴细胞，并侵入甲状旁腺实质，参与了腺体的发育。
