Dynamics of chromaticity horizontal cells in the freshwater turtle retina.

A model of the cone-horizontal cell circuit is presented based on morphological evidence recently found in the Reeves' turtle: a luminosity horizontal cell (LHC) that receives inputs from red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones in the ratio of 15:3:1, a triphasic horizontal cell (THC) that receives inputs from one class of red-sensitive and from blue-sensitive cones in the ratio of 2:1; and a biphasic chromaticity horizontal cell (BHC) that receives inputs from green-sensitive cones as well as from a special class of red-sensitive (i.e. the broad spectrum) and from blue-sensitive cones in the ratio of 3:2:1. A study of the simulated impulse responses strongly suggests that the basic response patterns of the BHC and THC can be readily explained by a simple wiring diagram consisting of direct hyperpolarizing inputs from the appropriate cones and a depolarizing input from the LHC which acts as a voltage inverter. A negative feedback circuit from the LHC to the cone pedicles is included and its negative feedback gain increases as the mean illuminance level (Io) increases. The negative feedback circuit, which promotes adaptation in the cones to changing Io's, is not necessary for opponent polarization in the BHC or THC, but does explain variabilities of impulse responses.