Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Ireland; Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland.
Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland.
Appetite. 2023 Sep 1;188:106974. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106974. Epub 2023 Jul 6.
Childhood obesity is associated with serious comorbidities during childhood and into adulthood. One potential risk factor for childhood obesity is consumption of unhealthy, energy-dense foods. This scoping review examines evidence on snacking in children aged 2-12 years of age and presents the patterns and position of snacking in children's diets.
A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase) for articles published from March 2011 to November 2022 was conducted. Articles providing insight into the position of snacking (e.g., energy contribution), or patterns (e.g., location, timing), in children aged 2-12 years were included. A quality assessment was conducted and data was synthesised according to data source (nationally representative or other).
Twenty-one articles were included, most (n = 13) reporting nationally representative data. The average number of daily snacks was 3, with 92.9-100.0% of children consuming snacks. Most were consumed in the afternoon (75.2-84.0%) and at home (46.5-67.3%). Snacks frequently consumed were 'fruits and vegetables', 'baked desserts', 'sweets, candy and confectionery', and 'dairy products'. Snacks contributed 231-565 kcal daily, up to a third of daily carbohydrate intake, a quarter of fat intake, and a fifth of protein intake. Snacks provided up to one third of vitamin C intake, one quarter of vitamin E, potassium and magnesium intake, and a fifth of calcium, folic acid, vitamins D and B12, iron and sodium intake.
This scoping review provides insight into patterns and position of snacking within children's diets. Snacking plays a significant role in children's diets with multiple snacking occasions occurring throughout a child's day, the overconsumption of which has the potential to increase risk of childhood obesity. Further research is required into the role of snacking, particularly specific foods playing a role in micronutrient intake, and clear guidance for snacking intake in children.
儿童肥胖与儿童期和成年期的严重合并症有关。儿童肥胖的一个潜在危险因素是食用不健康、高热量的食物。本范围综述研究了 2-12 岁儿童吃零食的证据，并介绍了儿童饮食中吃零食的模式和位置。
对 2011 年 3 月至 2022 年 11 月期间发表的文章进行了电子数据库（MEDLINE、Web of Science、PubMed、Embase）搜索。纳入了深入了解零食位置（例如能量贡献）或模式（例如地点、时间）的文章。对文献进行了质量评估，并根据数据源（全国代表性或其他）进行了数据综合。
共纳入 21 篇文章，其中大部分（n=13）报告了全国代表性数据。儿童每天平均吃 3 次零食，92.9-100.0%的儿童吃零食。大多数零食是在下午（75.2-84.0%）和在家里（46.5-67.3%）吃的。经常食用的零食有“水果和蔬菜”、“烘焙甜点”、“糖果和甜食”和“乳制品”。零食每天提供 231-565 千卡热量，占每日碳水化合物摄入量的三分之一，脂肪摄入量的四分之一，蛋白质摄入量的五分之一。零食提供了高达三分之一的维生素 C 摄入量、四分之一的维生素 E、钾和镁摄入量，以及五分之一的钙、叶酸、维生素 D 和 B12、铁和钠摄入量。
本范围综述深入了解了儿童饮食中吃零食的模式和位置。零食在儿童饮食中起着重要作用，儿童一天中会有多次吃零食的机会，过量食用零食有可能增加儿童肥胖的风险。需要进一步研究吃零食的作用，特别是特定食物在微量营养素摄入方面的作用，并为儿童吃零食提供明确的指导。
