非芬太尼类新合成阿片类物质——最新进展。
Non-fentanyl new synthetic opioids - An update.
机构信息
Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland.
出版信息
Forensic Sci Int. 2023 Aug;349:111775. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111775. Epub 2023 Jun 28.
BACKGROUND
New synthetic opioids (NSO) constitute one of the fastest-growing group of New Psychoactive Substances, which emerged on the illicit drug marker in the second half of 2000's. The most popular and the largest NSO subgroup are high potency fentanyl and its analogs. Subsequent to core-structure scheduling of fentanyl-related substances many opioids with different chemical structures are now emerging on the illicit drug market, rendering the landscape highly complex and dynamic.
METHODS
PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched for appropriate articles up to December 2022. Moreover, a search for reports was conducted on Institutional websites to identify documentation published by World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United States Drug Enforcement Administration, and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Only articles or reports written in English were selected.
RESULTS
Non-fentanyl derived synthetic opioids, i.e., 2-benzylbenzimidazoles (nitazenes), brorphine, U-compounds, AH-7921, MT-45 and related compounds are characterized, describing them in terms of available forms, pharmacology, metabolism as well as their toxic effects. Sample procedures and analytical techniques available for detection and quantification of these compounds in biological matrices are also presented. Finally, as overdoses involving highly potent NSO may be difficult to reverse, the effectiveness of naloxone as a rescue agent in NSO overdose is discussed.
CONCLUSIONS
Current review presents key information on non-fentanyl derived NSO. Access to upto-date data on substances of abuse is of great importance for clinicians, public health authorities and professionals performing analyses of biological samples.
背景
新型合成阿片类物质（NSO）是新精神活性物质中增长最快的一类，于 2000 年代后半期出现在非法毒品市场上。最受欢迎和最大的 NSO 亚组是高活性芬太尼及其类似物。在对芬太尼相关物质进行核心结构分类之后，许多具有不同化学结构的阿片类物质现在出现在非法毒品市场上，使得毒品形势变得非常复杂和动态。
方法
检索了截至 2022 年 12 月的 PubMed、Scopus 和 Google Scholar 上的相关文章。此外，还在机构网站上搜索了报告，以确定世界卫生组织、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室、美国缉毒署和欧洲毒品和毒瘾监测中心发布的文件。仅选择了以英文撰写的文章或报告。
结果
非芬太尼衍生的合成阿片类物质，即 2-苄基苯并咪唑类（氮杂环庚烷）、布罗啡、U 型化合物、AH-7921、MT-45 和相关化合物，其特征在于其可用形式、药理学、代谢以及毒性作用。还介绍了用于检测和定量生物基质中这些化合物的样品程序和分析技术。最后，由于涉及高活性 NSO 的过量用药可能难以逆转，因此讨论了纳洛酮作为 NSO 过量用药的抢救剂的有效性。
结论
本综述介绍了非芬太尼衍生 NSO 的关键信息。获取关于滥用物质的最新数据对临床医生、公共卫生当局和进行生物样本分析的专业人员非常重要。
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