Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Division of Periodontology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2023 Oct;52(7):20230033. doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20230033. Epub 2023 Jul 4.
To characterize different allogeneic and xenogeneic soft tissue graft substitutes and to assess their echo intensity and grayscale texture-related outcomes by using high-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS).
Ten samples from each of the following biomaterials were scanned using HFUS: bilayered collagen matrix (CM), cross-linked collagen matrix (CCM), multilayered cross-linked collagen matrix (MCCM), human-derived acellular dermal matrix (HADM), porcine-derived acellular dermal matrix (PADM), collagen tape dressing (C) and dental implants (IMPs). The obtained images were then imported in a commercially available software for grayscale analysis. First-order grayscale outcomes included mean echo intensity (EI), standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, while second-order grayscale outcomes comprised entropy, contrast, correlation, energy and homogeneity derive from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix analysis. Descriptive statistics were performed for visualization of results, and one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were performed to relative assessments of the biomaterials.
The statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant difference among the groups for EI ( < .001), with the group C showing the lowest EI, and the IMP group presenting with the greatest EI values. All groups showed significantly higher EI when compared with C ( < .001). No significant differences were observed for energy, and correlation, while a statistically significant difference among the groups was found in terms of entropy ( < 0.01), contrast ( < .001) and homogeneity ( < .001). IMP exhibited the highest contrast, that was significantly higher than C, HADM, PADM, CCM and CM.
HFUS grayscale analysis can be applied to characterize the structure of different biomaterials and holds potential for translation to assessment following soft tissue grafting-related procedures.
通过高频超声（HFUS）对不同同种异体和异种软组织移植物替代物进行特征描述，并评估其回声强度和灰度纹理相关结果。
使用 HFUS 对以下生物材料的每个样本进行扫描：双层胶原基质（CM）、交联胶原基质（CCM）、多层交联胶原基质（MCCM）、人源去细胞真皮基质（HADM）、猪源去细胞真皮基质（PADM）、胶原带敷料（C）和牙种植体（IMPs）。然后将获得的图像导入商业可用的灰度分析软件。一级灰度结果包括平均回声强度（EI）、标准差、偏度和峰度，而二级灰度结果包括熵、对比度、相关性、能量和来自灰度共生矩阵分析的均匀性。进行描述性统计以可视化结果，并进行单因素方差分析和 Bonferroni 事后检验，以对生物材料进行相对评估。
统计分析显示，EI 组间存在统计学差异（<0.001），C 组的 EI 最低，IMP 组的 EI 值最高。与 C 组相比，所有组的 EI 均显著升高（<0.001）。能量和相关性没有显著差异，而熵（<0.01）、对比度（<0.001）和均匀性（<0.001）组间存在统计学差异。IMP 表现出最高的对比度，明显高于 C、HADM、PADM、CCM 和 CM。
HFUS 灰度分析可用于描述不同生物材料的结构，并有可能转化为评估软组织移植物相关手术后的应用。
