Department of Social Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kirkuk Road, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Department of Geography, University of Sulaimani, Kirkuk Road, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Environ Monit Assess. 2023 Jul 12;195(8):937. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-11543-9.
This study evaluated the characteristics of the water in Darbandikhan Lake and its rivers in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. For this purpose, 25 samples were collected seasonally and analysed for 36 physiochemical parameters. The proportions of physiochemical parameters exceeding the WHO standards in the samples with their highest exceedances were 9894% for Al, 198% for Mn, 40% for Pb, 1.6% for pH, 3250% for PO, 11.8% for Sr, 155% for T.Alk, 7813% for turbidity, 1188% for Ti, 1033% for Tl and 1293% for V in the river water and 120% for Co, 74% for Cr, 4485% for Fe and 9% for K in the lake water. The pollution sources were designated by multivariate statistical analysis as being related to industrial and domestic waste, solid waste disposal, fertilisers and organic contamination from agricultural and natural sources. The water quality index (WQI) results were 22.3 to 721.3 for drinking, 13.9 to 86.2 for irrigation, 1.4 to 299.5 for livestock, 71.5 to 1754.4 for the textile industry, 20.7 to 237.9 for recreation and 64.6 to 1867.4 for aquatic life. The irrigation water quality index (IWQI) results were excellent for sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and for the US salinity scale, all water samples fell into the medium salinity-low sodium category (C2-S1) in all seasons, except for all Chaqan River samples. The Tanjaro River sample in spring fell in the relatively high salinity-low sodium category (C3-S1), excellent and good for sodium percentage (Na%), suitable to moderate for permeability index (PI%), suitable to unsuitable for magnesium hazard percentage (MH%), suitable for Kelly Index (KI) and safe to unsuitable for residual sodium carbonates (RSC). The Sirwan River, Tanjaro River and Zmkan River took first to third place in both the annual average pollution share ratio and the discharge. While the Zalm River ranked fourth in discharge and fifth in pollution share ratio, the Chaqan River was the reverse. The highest pollution share ratio was 64.3 for the Sirwan River in summer, and the lowest was 0.7 for the Zalm River in autumn.
本研究评估了伊拉克库尔德地区达尔班迪汗湖及其河流的水特性。为此，本季采集了 25 个样本，并对 36 个理化参数进行了分析。样本中超过世界卫生组织标准的理化参数比例及其最高超标率分别为：铝 98.94%、锰 19.8%、铅 40%、pH 值 1.6%、PO43- 32.50%、锶 11.8%、总碱度 15.5%、浊度 78.13%、钛 118.8%、铊 103.3%、钒 1293%，河水中钴 12%、铬 74%、铁 448.5%、钾 9%。多元统计分析将污染源指定为与工业和生活废物、固体废物处理、化肥以及农业和自然来源的有机污染有关。水质指数（WQI）结果为：饮用水 22.3-721.3、灌溉水 13.9-86.2、家畜用水 1.4-299.5、纺织工业用水 71.5-1754.4、娱乐用水 20.7-237.9、水生生物用水 64.6-1867.4。灌溉水水质指数（IWQI）结果为：钠吸附比（SAR）极好，就美国盐度等级而言，除恰甘河所有样本外，所有水样在所有季节均落入中盐度-低盐度类别（C2-S1），恰甘河所有样本均落入高盐度-低盐度类别（C3-S1）。春季坦贾罗河样本的盐度处于相对较高的低盐度类别（C3-S1），钠百分比（Na%）极好和良好，渗透率指数（PI%）适中，镁危害百分比（MH%）适中-不适宜，凯利指数（KI）适中，残余碳酸钠（RSC）安全-不适宜。在年平均污染分担比和排放量方面，先有锡尔万河、坦贾罗河和兹曼河，后有扎姆河，而恰甘河则相反。夏季锡尔万河的污染分担比最高，为 64.3%，秋季扎姆河的污染分担比最低，为 0.7%。
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