Pre and postharvest characteristics of var. pinnata, cav. As affected by SiO and CaCO nanoparticles under two different planting dates.

Agriculture faces many challenges because of climate changes. The nutrients present in nano-sized form improve plant productivity, especially when used at the appropriate planting time. Field experiments were conducted as a factorial experiment for evaluating two planting dates (20th September and 20th October) foliar application with nanoparticles (NPs) including silica nanoparticles (SiO-NPs) at 1.5 and 3 mM, calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO-NPs) at 5 and 10 mM and distilled water (control) on pre- and post-harvest characteristics of var. pinnata Cav. The results indicate that the interactions during the late planting time (20th October) and exogenous applications of SiO-NPs at 1.5 mM or CaCO-NPs at 10 mM have improved plant growth including plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of plant, leaf area, inflorescence diameter, inflorescence stalk length, branches number, tuber numbers, inflorescences number on the plant, and the vase life. At the same time, insignificant differences appeared in the interaction during the planting dates and SiO or CaCO -NPs concentrations on inflorescence stalk diameter, total soluble solids, membrane stability index, maximum increase in fresh weight (FW), and Si and Ca contents. In addition, all exogenous applications of NPs at the late planting time promoted the plant growth characteristics like lignin %, cellulose %, inflorescence water content, change in FW, and total water uptake. Moreover, the controls through the two planting dates recorded the maximum change in water uptake and water loss values. In short, it can be recommended to use SiO-NPs at 1.5 mM or CaCO-NPs at 10 mM as a foliar application at the late planting time (20th October) for obtaining the optimum quantitative and qualitative parameters of