School of Nursing, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China.
Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Nurse Educ Today. 2023 Oct;129:105903. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105903. Epub 2023 Jul 13.
Nurse-administered blood transfusion (BT) is a common form of medical treatment, but nursing students are often excluded from participating in and observing BTs during clinical placements. To address clinical placement limitations, nursing educators have increasingly adopted technology-guided simulation pedagogies, including virtual reality (VR) simulation, for nursing students' clinical skills education.
To develop VR simulation for BT practice and investigate its effectiveness with nursing students.
A single-blinded, two-arm randomised controlled trial.
One university in Hong Kong.
A total of 151 nursing students enrolled in a nursing undergraduate course at a university in Hong Kong were recruited via convenience sampling in March 2022.
Evidence-based VR simulation videos consisting of 1) animated blood formation physiology and side effects of BT and 2) 360° BT nursing practice were developed. The nursing students were randomly allocated into intervention and control groups. The intervention group (n = 75) received the usual BT education (i.e. Zoom lecture) with the developed VR video education, whereas the control group (n = 76) received the usual BT education (Zoom). The BT knowledge (RBTKQ-O), student satisfaction and self-confidence (SSSC) and self-efficacy (GSES) of BT practice were measured before and after BT education. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed.
The primary and secondary outcomes (RBTKQ-O, SSCS and GSES, respectively) improved over time in both groups. Analysis of covariance revealed that students who received VR simulation reported higher post-intervention measurement scores in BT knowledge and SSCS than those who did not receive VR simulation.
VR simulation-enhanced BT education effectively enhances the knowledge and SSCS of BT practice amongst nursing students. Nurse educators may adopt VR simulation to enhance the effectiveness of existing BT education for nursing students.
护士管理下的输血（BT）是一种常见的医疗形式，但护理学生在临床实习中通常被排除在参与和观察 BT 之外。为了解决临床实习的局限性，护理教育者越来越多地采用技术指导的模拟教学法，包括虚拟现实（VR）模拟，以进行护理学生的临床技能教育。
为 BT 实践开发 VR 模拟，并调查其对护理学生的有效性。
一项单盲、双臂随机对照试验。
中国香港的一所大学。
通过便利抽样，2022 年 3 月共招募了 151 名在香港一所大学就读护理本科课程的护理学生。
开发了基于证据的 VR 模拟视频，包括 1）动画血液形成生理学和 BT 的副作用，以及 2）360° BT 护理实践。护理学生被随机分配到干预组和对照组。干预组（n=75）接受了常规的 BT 教育（即 Zoom 讲座），同时接受了开发的 VR 视频教育，而对照组（n=76）接受了常规的 BT 教育（Zoom）。在 BT 教育前后测量了 BT 知识（RBTKQ-O）、学生满意度和自信心（SSSC）和 BT 实践的自我效能感（GSES）。进行了意向治疗分析。
两组的主要和次要结局（分别为 RBTKQ-O、SSCS 和 GSES）均随时间推移而改善。协方差分析显示，接受 VR 模拟的学生在 BT 知识和 SSCS 方面的干预后测量得分高于未接受 VR 模拟的学生。
VR 模拟增强的 BT 教育有效提高了护理学生对 BT 实践的知识和 SSCS。护理教育者可以采用 VR 模拟来增强现有 BT 教育对护理学生的有效性。
