Vortex fluidic high shear induced crystallisation of fullerene C into nanotubules.

Hollow C nanotubules are formed under high shear within the thin film of a vortex fluidic device (VFD) without the need for using auxiliary reagents, high temperatures and pressures, and/or requiring downstream processing. This novel bottom-up crystallisation process involves intense micro mixing of two liquids (toluene solution of C and anti-solvent, isopropyl alcohol) within a thin film in the VFD to precisely control the hierarchical assembly of C molecules into hollow nanotubules. The mechanism of self-assembly was consistent with them being a mould of the high shear double helical topological flow from Faraday waves coupled with Coriolis forces generated within the thin film.