The expression of efficiency for Bessel-Gauss (BG) beams coupling into the parabolic fibers (PF) after passing through the Cassegrain antenna system is first derived. The effects of atmospheric turbulence and random jitter of the coupling lens on the efficiency are also taken into account to improve the practical applicability of our model. This article use a BG beam with a wavelength of 1550 mm and fiber with a core radius R of 50 μm and a relative refractive index difference ζ of 0.01 for simulation testing. The optimal parameters of the antenna system are determined: the radius of the primary mirror and the secondary mirror is 8.33 cm and 1.25 cm, respectively. The coupling efficiency of BG beams of different orders reaches above 94% simultaneously when the lens's focal length is 7.8 cm. After taking into account the transmission efficiency of the antenna system, the system's total efficiency for BG beams of different orders averages 76.33%, when the transmission distance is 1 km. The results show that the same degree of turbulence and random jitter have different influences on the coupling efficiency of BG beams of different orders, and lower-order BG beams have better resistance to turbulence and jitter during propagation and coupling. Moreover, the effect of the guided mode field on the coupling efficiency and the resistance to turbulence varies for different values of mode radial index in the fiber p. The guided mode with p = 0 not only enables the BG beams of different orders to achieve the highest transmission efficiency in the coupling system almost simultaneously but also the random jitter and turbulence have less influence on the coupling efficiency of this mode. It means that the BG beams can have higher efficiency when coupled to the mode with p = 0 after long-distance transmission. This property of the fiber mode at p = 0 provides conditions for the simultaneous propagation of multiple BG beams in a parabolic fiber, which provides a theoretical basis for higher transmission capacity. This research work provides a theoretical model for the theoretical study of vortex beams and optical communication, which is beneficial for the design and application of vortex beams and has instructive meaning for practical engineering design.