Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University, Milano, Italy.
Int Rev Neurobiol. 2023;169:1-20. doi: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.006. Epub 2023 Jun 27.
This chapter describes advances in understanding the clinical features of dystonia since initial clinical recognition and its organization into a coherent and systematic clinical set. The clinical features of dystonia were at first considered an odd neurological movement disorder. Etymology of the word misleadingly underlined muscle tone. The main clinical features of dystonia were recognized gradually. They encompass dystonic movements, dystonic postures, alleviating maneuvers, overflow and mirroring. These features are observed in patients who present a variety of syndromes where dystonia occurs in isolation or combined with other movement disorders, or with other neurologic or systemic features. A large number of syndromic combinations is observed in the clinic and some of the syndomes are highlighted here. Practitioners are required to exert dedicated skills to recognize dystonia and correctly diagnose and classify their patients.
本章描述了自最初临床认识以来，对肌张力障碍临床特征的理解以及将其组织成一个连贯和系统的临床分类的进展。肌张力障碍的临床特征最初被认为是一种奇特的神经运动障碍。该词的词源错误地强调了肌肉张力。肌张力障碍的主要临床特征逐渐被认识到。它们包括痉挛性运动、痉挛性姿势、缓解动作、溢出和镜像。这些特征在出现孤立性或伴有其他运动障碍或伴有其他神经或系统性特征的患者中观察到。临床上观察到大量的综合征组合，这里突出了一些综合征。临床医生需要具备专门的技能来识别肌张力障碍，并正确诊断和分类他们的患者。
