Pereira Anieli Guirro, Kohlsdorf Tiana
Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Departamento de Biologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
Genet Mol Biol. 2023 Jul 14;46(1 Suppl 2):e20220384. doi: 10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2022-0384. eCollection 2023.
Repeated phenotypes, often referred to as 'homoplasies' in cladistic analyses, may evolve through changes in developmental processes. Genetic bases of recurrent evolution gained attention and have been studied in the past years using approaches that combine modern analytical phylogenetic tools with the stunning assemblage of new information on developmental mechanisms. In this review, we evaluated the topic under an integrated perspective, revisiting the classical definitions of convergence and parallelism and detailing comparative methods used to evaluate evolution of repeated phenotypes, which include phylogenetic inference, estimates of evolutionary rates and reconstruction of ancestral states. We provide examples to illustrate how a given methodological approach can be used to identify evolutionary patterns and evaluate developmental mechanisms associated with the intermittent expression of a given trait along the phylogeny. Finally, we address why repeated trait loss challenges strict definitions of convergence and parallelism, discussing how changes in developmental pathways might explain the high frequency of repeated trait loss in specific lineages.
反复出现的表型，在支序分析中通常被称为“同形性状”，可能通过发育过程的变化而进化。反复进化的遗传基础受到了关注，并且在过去几年中，人们使用将现代分析系统发育工具与有关发育机制的大量新信息相结合的方法对其进行了研究。在本综述中，我们从综合的角度评估了这一主题，重新审视了趋同和平行的经典定义，并详细介绍了用于评估反复出现的表型进化的比较方法，这些方法包括系统发育推断、进化速率估计和祖先状态重建。我们提供了一些例子来说明如何使用给定的方法来识别进化模式，并评估与给定性状在系统发育过程中间歇性表达相关的发育机制。最后，我们探讨了为什么反复出现的性状丧失对趋同和平行的严格定义提出了挑战，并讨论了发育途径的变化如何解释特定谱系中反复出现的性状丧失的高频率。
