Al-Hazmi Hussein E, Mohammadi Ali, Hejna Aleksander, Majtacz Joanna, Esmaeili Amin, Habibzadeh Sajjad, Saeb Mohammad Reza, Badawi Michael, Lima Eder C, Mąkinia Jacek
Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, 65188, Karlstad, Sweden.
Environ Res. 2023 Nov 1;236(Pt 1):116711. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116711. Epub 2023 Jul 23.
Sustainable water recycling and wastewater reuse are urgent nowadays considering water scarcity and increased water consumption through human activities. In 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (UN SDG6) highlighted the necessity of recycling wastewater to guarantee water availability for individuals. Currently, wastewater irrigation (WWI) of crops and agricultural land appears essential. The present work overviews the quality of treated wastewater in terms of soil microbial activities, and discusses challenges and benefits of WWI in line with wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture irrigation. Combined conventional-advanced wastewater treatment processes are specifically deliberated, considering the harmful impacts on human health arising from WWI originating from reuse of contaminated water (salts, organic pollutants, toxic metals, and microbial pathogens i.e., viruses and bacteria). The comprehensive literature survey revealed that, in addition to the increased levels of pathogen and microbial threats to human wellbeing, poorly-treated wastewater results in plant and soil contamination with toxic organic/inorganic chemicals, and microbial pathogens. The impact of long-term emerging pollutants like plastic nanoparticles should also be established in further studies, with the development of standardized analytical techniques for such hazardous chemicals. Likewise, the reliable, long-term and extensive judgment on heavy metals threat to human beings's health should be explored in future investigations.
鉴于水资源短缺以及人类活动导致的用水量增加，可持续的水循环利用和废水再利用在当下变得十分紧迫。2015年，联合国可持续发展目标6（UN SDG6）强调了回收废水以确保个人用水供应的必要性。目前，对农作物和农田进行废水灌溉似乎至关重要。本研究从土壤微生物活动的角度概述了处理后废水的质量，并结合农业和水产养殖灌溉中的废水再利用，讨论了废水灌溉的挑战和益处。考虑到因使用受污染水（盐、有机污染物、有毒金属以及微生物病原体，即病毒和细菌）进行废水灌溉而对人类健康产生的有害影响，特别探讨了传统-先进组合式废水处理工艺。全面的文献调查表明，除了病原体和微生物对人类健康的威胁增加外，处理不当的废水还会导致植物和土壤被有毒有机/无机化学物质以及微生物病原体污染。对于塑料纳米颗粒等长期存在的新兴污染物的影响，也应通过开发针对此类有害化学物质的标准化分析技术，在进一步研究中加以确定。同样，在未来的调查中，应探索对重金属对人类健康威胁的可靠、长期和广泛的评估。
