From the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Oral Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
Ann Plast Surg. 2023 Aug 1;91(2):287-293. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000003616. Epub 2023 Jul 5.
Previous studies have evaluated the influence of facial features in determining male and female sex using prototypical renderings or artificially altered faces in relatively small sample sizes. Using a large set of human photographs and raters, this study hypothesized that certain anatomic facial ratios are associated with perceptions of masculinity/femininity, can interact to predict sex, and are associated with ratings of attractiveness differently in males and females.
Ratings of masculinity-femininity and binary self-identification (male or female) were compared with facial anatomic ratios from 827 frontal facial photographs. Ratios were used to characterize facial feature relativity, where higher ratio scores indicated relatively more facial feature representation.
Femininity was associated with prominent middle third ratio, nose length, lip vermillion height, eye height, and eye width ratios; masculinity was associated with prominence of the upper and lower facial thirds, nose width, chin height, and philtrum height ratios (all P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis demonstrated many of these relationships persisted when evaluating masculinity in females and femininity in males. Misgendering in males was associated with greater middle third ratio and upper lip ratio, whereas misgendering in females was associated with increased nose width ratio.
This study demonstrates associations of femininity with increased horizontal middle third representation, and masculinity was associated with increased upper and lower horizontal representation. These facial ratios interact to predict male and female sex, which could have implications for optimizing facial feminization/masculinization outcomes and building algorithms for artificial intelligence analysis of faces.
先前的研究已经评估了使用典型渲染或人为改变的面孔在相对较小的样本量中确定男性和女性性别的面部特征的影响。本研究使用大量的人类照片和评分者，假设某些解剖面部比例与男性化/女性化的感知有关，可以相互作用预测性别，并以不同的方式与男性和女性的吸引力评分相关。
使用 827 张正面面部照片的性别和自我识别（男性或女性）评分与面部解剖比例进行比较。比例用于描述面部特征的相对关系，其中较高的比值分数表示相对更多的面部特征表示。
女性化与中三分之一比例、鼻长、唇红高度、眼高和眼宽比相关；男性化与上下三分之一的突出、鼻宽、下巴高度和人中高度比相关（均 P < 0.01）。亚组分析表明，当评估女性的男性化和男性的女性化时，许多这些关系仍然存在。男性的性别错配与中三分之一比例和上唇比例较高有关，而女性的性别错配与鼻宽比例增加有关。
本研究表明女性化与增加的中三分之一水平代表有关，男性化与增加的上下水平代表有关。这些面部比例相互作用预测男性和女性的性别，这可能对优化面部女性化/男性化的结果和构建人工智能面部分析算法有影响。
