Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Campus, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil.
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universitaria Navarra - UNINAVARRA, Neiva-Huila, Colombia.
Braz J Med Biol Res. 2023 Jul 21;56:e12777. doi: 10.1590/1414-431X2023e12777. eCollection 2023.
To evaluate the risks of hair dye exposure, we investigated cellular and molecular effects of Arianor Ebony dye, which is a mixture of azo and anthraquinone dyes, used in the composition of the black color. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and gene expression of relevant molecules of apoptotic and oxidative stress mechanisms were investigated in HepG2 cells exposed to Arianor Ebony. Results showed that the dye did not induce cytotoxicity to exposed cells at a concentration up to 50 µg/mL compared to the negative control. However, genotoxic assays indicated that the dye was able to damage the genetic material at a concentration of 25 µg/mL, with induction factor values of exposed cells two- to five-fold higher than those recorded for the negative control. Moreover, the lowest observed effect concentration was 12.5 µg/mL. For gene expression, relevant changes were observed in cytochrome c and caspase 9, which decreased in cells incubated with the dye in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the negative control. In parallel, the expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes was increased in exposed cells, suggesting the presence of metabolic routes that protect cells against the toxic effect of the dye, avoiding exacerbated cellular death. Results suggested that the dye disrupted cellular homeostasis through mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be hazardous to human health. Thus, further investigations are necessary to deeply understand the mechanisms of action of the dye, considering its toxic potential found in our ex vivo assays.
为了评估染发剂暴露的风险，我们研究了 Arianor Ebony 染发剂的细胞和分子效应。该染发剂是一种偶氮和蒽醌染料的混合物，用于黑色颜料的组成。我们在 HepG2 细胞中研究了 Arianor Ebony 对细胞的细胞毒性、遗传毒性和与凋亡和氧化应激机制相关的分子的基因表达。结果表明，与阴性对照相比，该染料在高达 50μg/mL 的浓度下对暴露的细胞没有诱导细胞毒性。然而，遗传毒性检测表明，该染料能够在 25μg/mL 的浓度下破坏遗传物质，与阴性对照相比，暴露细胞的诱导因子值增加了两倍至五倍。此外，最低观察到的效应浓度为 12.5μg/mL。对于基因表达，观察到细胞色素 c 和 caspase 9 的相关变化，与阴性对照相比，用染料孵育的细胞中这些基因的表达呈剂量依赖性降低。同时，暴露细胞中抗氧化酶的基因表达增加，表明存在代谢途径可以保护细胞免受染料的毒性作用，避免细胞死亡加剧。结果表明，该染料通过线粒体功能障碍破坏了细胞的内稳态，这可能对人类健康有害。因此，有必要进一步研究该染料的作用机制，考虑到我们在体外试验中发现的其潜在毒性。
