Merchie Annabelle, Gomot Marie
UMR 1253 iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France.
Brain Sci. 2023 Jul 21;13(7):1110. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13071110.
Habituation, the simplest form of learning preserved across species and evolution, is characterized by a response decrease as a stimulus is repeated. This adaptive function has been shown to be altered in some psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or schizophrenia. At the brain level, habituation is characterized by a decrease in neural activity as a stimulation is repeated, referred to as neural adaptation. This phenomenon influences the ability to make predictions and to detect change, two processes altered in some neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. In this comprehensive review, the objectives are to characterize habituation, neural adaptation, and prediction throughout typical development and in neurodevelopmental disorders; and to evaluate their implication in symptomatology, specifically in sensitivity to change or need for sameness. A summary of the different approaches to investigate adaptation will be proposed, in which we report the contribution of animal studies as well as electrophysiological studies in humans to understanding of underlying neuronal mechanisms.
习惯化是跨物种和进化过程中保留下来的最简单的学习形式，其特征是随着刺激的重复，反应会减少。这种适应性功能已被证明在一些精神和神经发育障碍中会发生改变，如自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）、注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）或精神分裂症。在大脑层面，习惯化的特征是随着刺激的重复，神经活动减少，这被称为神经适应。这种现象会影响进行预测和检测变化的能力，而这两个过程在一些神经发育和精神障碍中会发生改变。在这篇全面的综述中，目标是描述在典型发育过程以及神经发育障碍中习惯化、神经适应和预测的特征；并评估它们在症状学中的意义，特别是在对变化的敏感性或对一致性的需求方面。将提出研究适应的不同方法的总结，其中我们报告动物研究以及人类电生理研究对理解潜在神经元机制的贡献。
