Effect of Exogenous Hormone on () and () Gene Expression and Embryo Development in Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle ().

The Chinese soft-shelled turtle, , is an important aquaculture species in China that exhibits distinct sexual dimorphism; male individuals are economically more valuable than females. In vertebrates, several R-spondin family proteins have been associated with sex differentiation mechanisms; however, their involvement in sex differentiation is unclear. Exogenous hormones such as estradiol (E2) also influence the sex differentiation of and induce sexual reversal. In the present study, we investigated the effects of E2 on the embryonic development of and the expression of () and (). We amplified and and analyzed their expression patterns in different tissues. Comparative analyses with protein sequences from other species elucidated that RSPO2 and RSPO3 sequences were conserved. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis revealed that RSPO2 and RSPO3 were closely related to these two proteins from other turtle species. Furthermore, and were highly expressed in the brain and gonads of adult turtles, with significantly higher expression in the ovaries than in the testes ( < 0.05). We also evaluated the expression of and after the administration of three concentrations of E2 (1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/mL) to turtle eggs during embryonic development. The results revealed that E2 upregulated and , and the expression trends varied during different embryonic developmental stages (stages 13-20). These findings lay the groundwork for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms involved in the sex differentiation of Chinese soft-shelled turtles.