Interpretation and management of premature ventricular beats in athletes: An expert opinion document of the Italian Society of Sports Cardiology (SICSPORT).

Premature ventricular beats (PVBs) are recorded in a sizeable proportion of athletes during pre-participation screening, especially if the evaluation includes both resting and exercise ECG. While in the majority of cases no underlying heart disease is present, in others PVBs may be the sign of a condition at risk of sudden cardiac death, including cardiomyopathies, congenital, coronary artery, heart valves and ion channels diseases. In this expert opinion document of the Italian Society of Sports Cardiology, we propose a multiparametric interpretation approach to PVBs in athletes and a stepwise diagnostic algorithm. The clinical work-up should include the assessment of the probable site of origin based on the ECG pattern of the ectopic QRS and of the arrhythmia behavior (including the number of different PVB morphologies, complexity, response to exercise and reproducibility), as well as first-line tests such as echocardiography. Based on this initial evaluation, most athletes can be reassured of the benign nature of PVBs and cleared for competition under periodical follow-up. However, when the clinical suspicion is high, further investigations with non-invasive (e.g. cardiac magnetic resonance, cardiac computed tomography, genetic testing) and, in very selected cases, invasive (e.g. endocardial voltage mapping and endomyocardial biopsy) tests should be carried out to rule out a high-risk condition. Importantly, such advanced tests should be performed in centers with a consolidated experience not only in the technique, but also in evaluation of athletes.