Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Memory. 2024 Jul;32(6):666-677. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2241673. Epub 2023 Jul 31.
We extend Conway's self-memory system by adding theory and data from shame, an emotion that disrupts the internalised ideals of society needed for a positive self-concept. The event that caused 273 undergraduates their greatest amount of shame was analyzed; 66% were not very negative except for producing shame. Ratings of post-event effects, including two measure of self (self-perceived weakness, and centrality to identity) and four clinical symptoms (intrusions, avoidance, anxiety, and depression), were attributed separately to the remembered event, behaviour during the event, and shame from the event. The effects of shame were generally as large as the those of the event and larger than those of the behaviour, demonstrating the importance of shame's effects. The Tonic Immobility Scale (TIS), which measures tonic immobility (i.e., freezing), was obtained for the event that produced the most tonic immobility but that was not the event that caused the most shame. The post-event symptoms measured on the event that caused the most shame and the TIS correlated highly, suggesting that shame and tonic immobility may belong to a cluster of phylogenetically conserved submissive defensive mechanisms that could account for effects currently attributed to goals in self-memory systems.
我们通过添加羞耻的理论和数据来扩展 Conway 的自我记忆系统，羞耻是一种扰乱社会内化理想的情绪，这对积极的自我概念至关重要。分析了导致 273 名本科生感到最大羞耻的事件；除了产生羞耻感外，66%的人并不非常消极。对事件发生后的影响进行了评估，包括自我的两个衡量标准（自我感知的弱点和身份的中心性）和四个临床症状（侵入、回避、焦虑和抑郁），分别归因于记忆中的事件、事件期间的行为和事件引起的羞耻感。羞耻的影响通常与事件的影响一样大，而且比行为的影响更大，这表明了羞耻感的影响的重要性。张力性不动反应量表（TIS）用于测量张力性不动（即冻结），该量表用于测量产生最大张力性不动的事件，但不是引起最大羞耻的事件。在引起最大羞耻的事件上测量的事后症状与 TIS 高度相关，这表明羞耻和张力性不动可能属于一组进化上保守的顺从防御机制，这些机制可以解释目前归因于自我记忆系统中目标的影响。
