雄鸟和雌鸟在雄激素诱导的歌声中，在句法和音节多样性上存在性别差异。
Sex differences in song syntax and syllable diversity in testosterone-induced songs of adult male and female canaries.
机构信息
Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liege, 15 Avenue Hippocrate (Bat. B36), Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège 1, Belgium.
Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
出版信息
Biol Sex Differ. 2023 Aug 1;14(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s13293-023-00533-8.
BACKGROUND
Behavioral sex differences are widespread in the animal world. These differences can be qualitative (i.e., behavior present in one sex but not the other, a true sex dimorphism) or quantitative (behavior is present at a higher rate or quality in one sex compared to the other). Singing in oscine songbirds is associated with both types of differences. In canaries, female rarely sing spontaneously but they can be induced to do so by treatments with steroids. Song in these females is, however, not fully masculinized and exhibits relatively subtle differences in quality as compared with male song. We analyzed here sex differences in syllable content and syllable use between singing male and female canaries.
METHODS
Songs were recorded from three groups of castrated male and three groups of photoregressed female canaries that had received Silastic™ implants filled with testosterone (T), with T plus estradiol (E2), or left empty (control). After 6 weeks of hormone treatment, 30 songs were recorded from each of the 47 subjects. Songs were segmented and each syllable was annotated. Various metrics of syllable diversity were extracted and network analysis was employed to characterize syllable sequences.
RESULTS
Male and female songs were characterized by marked sex differences related to syllable use. Compared to females, males had a larger syllable-type repertoire and their songs contained more syllable types. Network analysis of syllable sequences showed that males follow more fixed patterns of syllable transitions than females. Both sexes, however, produced song of the same duration containing the same number of syllables produced at similar rates (numbers per second).
CONCLUSIONS
Under the influence of T, canaries of both sexes are able to produce generally similar vocalizations that nevertheless differ in specific ways. The development of song during ontogeny appears to be a very sophisticated process that is presumably based on genetic and endocrine mechanisms but also on specific learning processes. These data highlight the importance of detailed behavioral analyses to identify the many dimensions of a behavior that can differ between males and females.
背景
行为性别差异在动物世界中广泛存在。这些差异可以是定性的（即一种性别存在而另一种性别不存在，即真正的性别二态性），也可以是定量的（一种性别比另一种性别更频繁或更优质地表现出行为）。鸣禽的鸣唱与这两种差异都有关。在金丝雀中，雌性很少自发鸣叫，但用类固醇处理可以诱导它们鸣叫。然而，这些雌性的鸣叫并没有完全男性化，与雄性鸣叫相比，在质量上表现出相对细微的差异。我们在这里分析了雄性和雌性金丝雀鸣叫时音节内容和音节使用的性别差异。
方法
从三组去势雄性和三组去势后接受硅酮植入物填充睾酮（T）、T 加雌二醇（E2）或空植入物（对照）的光还原雌性金丝雀中记录歌曲。在 6 周的激素处理后，从 47 个研究对象中的每一个中记录 30 首歌曲。歌曲被分割，每个音节都被注释。提取了各种音节多样性指标，并进行了网络分析以描述音节序列。
结果
雄性和雌性的歌曲具有明显的性别差异，与音节使用有关。与雌性相比，雄性具有更大的音节类型 repertoire，并且它们的歌曲包含更多的音节类型。音节序列的网络分析表明，雄性比雌性遵循更固定的音节转换模式。然而，两性都产生了具有相同持续时间、包含相同数量音节、以相似速度（每秒音节数）产生的歌曲。
结论
在 T 的影响下，两性金丝雀都能够产生一般相似的发声，但在特定方面存在差异。在个体发育过程中，鸣唱的发展似乎是一个非常复杂的过程，它可能基于遗传和内分泌机制，但也基于特定的学习过程。这些数据强调了详细行为分析的重要性，以确定雄性和雌性之间可能存在差异的行为的许多维度。
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