Diagnosis and management of adult central nervous system leukemia.

Central nervous system leukemia (CNSL) is a prominent infiltration reason for therapy failing in acute leukemia. Recurrence rates and the prognosis have alleviated with current prophylactic regimens. However, the accurate stratification of relapse risk and treatment regimens for relapsed or refractory patients remain clinical challenges yet to be solved. Recently, with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cellular therapy showing encouraging effects in some CNSL patients, advances in treating CNSL have already been reported. The development of molecular targeted agents as well as antibody-based drugs will provide patients with more personalized treatment. This article summarized recent research developments about risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in adults with CNSL.