The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.
Griffith University, Institute for Glycomics, Southport, Qld, 4215, Australia.
Parasit Vectors. 2023 Aug 10;16(1):274. doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05885-z.
Bovine babesiosis, caused by different Babesia spp. such as B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, and B. major, is a global disease that poses a serious threat to livestock production. Babesia bovis infections are associated with severe disease and increased mortality in adult cattle, making it the most virulent agent of bovine babesiosis. Babesia bovis parasites undergo asexual reproduction within bovine red blood cells, followed by sexual reproduction within their tick vectors, which transmit the parasite transovarially. Current control methods, including therapeutic drugs (i.e., imidocarb) have been found to lead to drug resistance. Moreover, changing environmental factors add complexity to efficient parasite control. Understanding the fundamental biology, host immune responses, and host-parasite interactions of Babesia parasites is critical for developing next-generation vaccines to control acute disease and parasite transmission. This systematic review analyzed available research papers on vaccine development and the associated immune responses to B. bovis. We compiled and consolidated the reported vaccine strategies, considering the study design and rationale of each study, to provide a systematic review of knowledge and insights for further research. Thirteen studies published since 2014 (inclusive) represented various vaccine strategies developed against B. bovis such as subunit, live attenuated, and viral vector vaccines. Such strategies incorporated B. bovis proteins or whole live parasites with the latter providing the most effective prophylaxis against bovine babesiosis. Incorporating novel research approaches, such as "omics" will enhance our understanding of parasite vulnerabilities.
牛巴贝斯虫病由不同的巴贝斯虫引起，如牛巴贝斯虫、双芽巴贝斯虫、分歧巴贝斯虫和大型巴贝斯虫等，是一种全球性疾病，对畜牧业生产构成严重威胁。牛巴贝斯虫感染与成年牛的严重疾病和死亡率增加有关，使其成为最具毒性的牛巴贝斯虫病原体。巴贝斯虫在牛的红细胞内进行无性繁殖，然后在其蜱传载体内进行有性繁殖，通过卵胎生传播寄生虫。目前的控制方法，包括治疗性药物（如咪唑苯脲），已被发现导致耐药性。此外，不断变化的环境因素增加了寄生虫有效控制的复杂性。了解巴贝斯虫的基本生物学、宿主免疫反应和宿主-寄生虫相互作用，对于开发下一代疫苗来控制急性疾病和寄生虫传播至关重要。本系统综述分析了现有的疫苗开发研究论文和相关的牛巴贝斯虫免疫反应。我们根据研究设计和原理，对报道的疫苗策略进行了汇编和整合，为进一步研究提供了关于知识和见解的系统综述。自 2014 年以来发表的 13 项研究（包括 2014 年）代表了针对牛巴贝斯虫开发的各种疫苗策略，如亚单位、减毒活疫苗和病毒载体疫苗。这些策略包含了牛巴贝斯虫蛋白或整个活寄生虫，后者对牛巴贝斯虫病提供了最有效的预防。结合新的研究方法，如“组学”，将增强我们对寄生虫脆弱性的理解。
