Ultrafast and facile construction of programmable, multidimensional wrinkled-patterned polyacrylamide/sodium alginate hydrogels for human skin-like tactile perception.

Customizable structures and patterns are becoming powerful tools for biomimetic design and application of soft materials. The construction of long-range ordered self-wrinkled structures on multi-dimensional and complex-shaped surfaces with facile, fast and efficient strategies still faces serious challenges. During the stretch-recovery process, the carboxyl groups in the polyacrylamide/sodium alginate dual network gel form robust coordination with Fe to achieve a hard shell layer, resulting in a modulus mismatch between the inner soft layer and the outer hard layer, thereby forming a wrinkled surface. This flexible strategy allows simultaneous construction of complex topologies from 1D to 3D wits well-organized microstructure and controllable dimensions. The mechanism of the influence of ion treating time and pre-stretching ratio on wrinkle wavelength was explored in detail. The finite element simulations matched well with the experimental results. Due to the unique surface and dual crosslinking network, the self-wrinkled hydrogel maintains a high sensitivity of up to 67.47 kPa in 1000 compression cycles. As a high-sensitivity pressure sensor integrated into the detection system, it can be efficiently applied to the contact dynamic tactile perception and monitoring of various movement behaviors of the human body.