Du Jinsong, Ma Aiyuan, Wang Xingan, Zheng Xuemei
College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China.
School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normol University, Liupanshu 553004, China.
Materials (Basel). 2023 Aug 3;16(15):5434. doi: 10.3390/ma16155434.
The discharge and accumulation of coal-based solid waste have caused great harm to the ecological environment recently. Coal-based solid wastes, such as coal gangue and fly ash, are rich in valuable components, such as rare earth elements (REY), silicon dioxide, alkali metal oxides, and transition metal oxides, which can be used to synthesize various functional Si-based porous materials. This article systematically summarizes the physicochemical characteristics and general processing methods of coal gangue and fly ash and reviews the progress in the application of porous materials prepared from these two solid wastes in the fields of energy and environmental protection, including the following: the adsorption treatment of heavy metal ions, ionic dyes, and organic pollutants in wastewater; the adsorption treatment of CO, SO, NO, and volatile organic compounds in waste gas; the energy regeneration of existing resources, such as waste plastics, biomass, H, and CO; and the preparation of Li-Si batteries. Combining the composition, structure, and action mechanism of various solid-waste-based porous materials, this article points out their strengths and weaknesses in the above applications. Furthermore, ideas for improvements in the applications, performance improvement methods, and energy consumption reduction processes of typical solid-waste-based porous materials are presented in this article. These works will deepen our understanding of the application of solid-waste-based porous materials in wastewater treatment, waste gas treatment, energy regeneration, and other aspects, as well as providing assistance for the integration of new technologies into solid-waste-based porous material preparation industries, and providing new ideas for reducing and reusing typical Chinese solid waste resources.
近年来，煤基固体废物的排放和堆积对生态环境造成了极大危害。煤矸石、粉煤灰等煤基固体废物富含稀土元素（REY）、二氧化硅、碱金属氧化物和过渡金属氧化物等有价成分，可用于合成各种功能性硅基多孔材料。本文系统总结了煤矸石和粉煤灰的理化特性及一般处理方法，并综述了由这两种固体废物制备的多孔材料在能源和环境保护领域的应用进展，包括：废水中重金属离子、离子染料和有机污染物的吸附处理；废气中CO、SO、NO和挥发性有机化合物的吸附处理；废塑料、生物质、H₂和CO等现有资源的能源再生；以及锂硅电池的制备。结合各种基于固体废物的多孔材料的组成、结构和作用机理，本文指出了它们在上述应用中的优缺点。此外，本文还提出了典型的基于固体废物的多孔材料在应用改进、性能提升方法和能耗降低过程方面的思路。这些工作将加深我们对基于固体废物的多孔材料在废水处理、废气处理、能源再生等方面应用的理解，为将新技术融入基于固体废物的多孔材料制备行业提供帮助，并为减少和再利用典型的中国固体废物资源提供新思路。
