Intraosseous venous malformation of the zygoma: Case report and pooled analysis.

The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive summary of the clinical and radiological features of zygomatic intraosseous venous malformations (IVM), as well as its treatment strategies. The aim is to establish preoperative diagnostic bases that will aid in the identification of zygomatic IVM and facilitate the implementation of effective treatment. Four cases of pathologically diagnosed zygomatic IVM with typical clinical and radiological features were reported. They exhibited comparable clinical and radiological features, and the En bloc excision and reconstruction yielded satisfactory outcome. Pooled data analysis was performed with additional 74 cases collected from 63 previous studies. The results revealed a higher incidence of zygomatic IVMs in middle-aged females, with swelling, pain and ocular dysfunction being the typical clinical manifestations. The characteristic radiological features of these lesions were well-defined, round bony structures with specific internal trabecular patterns. A diagnostic flow-chart assisting the differential diagnosis of IVM was established. En bloc excision was deemed the most advantageous treatment option, as it presented minimal risk of haemorrhaging and no instances of recurrence. The decision to pursue reconstruction was contingent upon the extent of the defect. Alloplastic material has emerged as the most frequently employed reconstruction material in recent reports. The summarized characteristics of zygomatic IVM and the proposed diagnostic and treatment strategies, derived from the pooled analysis of reported cases, may help to improve diagnosis and management in further clinical practice.