Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University.
Department of Public Health and Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University.
Ethiop J Health Sci. 2023 May;33(3):451-462. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v33i3.8.
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused several changes that affect overall health, including the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women. Several risk factors, including iron deficiency during pregnancy, diabetes, maternal smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, and multiple pregnancies, can influence poor iron intake in infants. This study aims to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with anemia in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 238 pregnant women from two districts in Semarang, Indonesia. The study population was selected using a cluster sampling technique. Trained enumerators collected data through interviews using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) to estimate participants' food intake and anthropometric measurements. Additionally, hemoglobin levels were measured by trained nurses during antenatal care (ANC) visits. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression to estimate the factors associated with anemia in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Among all participants, 14.3% (n=34) were anemic, with 32.3% and 67.6% having moderate and mild anemia, respectively. Moreover, study variables such as less compliance with ANC (antenatal care) guidelines (p = 0.020), excessive phosphorus intake (p = 0.039), inadequate zinc intake (p = 0.003), and inadequate calcium intake (p = 0.043) were associated with anemia among pregnant women.
Anemia among pregnant women in Semarang, Indonesia, is a mild public health problem. Less compliance with ANC guidelines, excessive phosphorus intake, and inadequate zinc intake are significantly associated with anemia among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic.
2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行导致了许多变化，影响了整体健康，包括孕妇贫血的流行。一些风险因素，包括怀孕期间缺铁、糖尿病、母亲吸烟、早产、低出生体重和多胎妊娠，都会影响婴儿铁摄入不良。本研究旨在分析 COVID-19 大流行期间孕妇贫血的患病率和相关因素。
对印度尼西亚三宝垄两个区的 238 名孕妇进行了横断面研究。采用整群抽样技术选择研究人群。经过培训的计数员通过使用半定量食物频率问卷（SQ-FFQ）进行访谈收集数据，以估计参与者的食物摄入量和人体测量学指标。此外，由经过培训的护士在产前保健（ANC）就诊期间测量血红蛋白水平。使用逻辑回归进行单变量和多变量分析，以估计 COVID-19 大流行期间孕妇贫血的相关因素。
在所有参与者中，14.3%（n=34）患有贫血，其中 32.3%和 67.6%分别为中度和轻度贫血。此外，研究变量如 ANC（产前保健）指南的依从性较差（p=0.020）、磷摄入过多（p=0.039）、锌摄入不足（p=0.003）和钙摄入不足（p=0.043）与孕妇贫血有关。
印度尼西亚三宝垄孕妇贫血是一个轻微的公共卫生问题。ANC 指南依从性较差、磷摄入过多和锌摄入不足与 COVID-19 大流行期间孕妇贫血显著相关。
