Özalp Mehmet, Yildirimer Saim, Erdoğan Yüksel Esin
Dept. of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey.
Karabuk University, Department of Forest Engineering, Karabuk, Turkey.
Heliyon. 2023 Jul 31;9(8):e18827. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18827. eCollection 2023 Aug.
Unaltered watersheds with natural vegetation cover (forest, grasslands, etc.) provide several ecological benefits in addition to providing freshwater, controlling water levels, and supporting flourishing streamside ecosystems. However, as in many watersheds in the World, the research area in this study, the Borcka Dam Watershed (BDW), has been affected by many human-induced disturbances affecting a wide area of forest and grassland areas as well as soil and water resources. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess and evaluate the possible effects of anthropogenic disturbances, particularly on annual changes in water discharge, some water quality parameters, and total suspended sediment (TSS) amounts in the main streams of four sub-watersheds (Fabrika, Godrahav, Hatila, and Murgul) and the reservoir of the dam. In addition, we intend to confirm that land use change and/or transformation play a significant role in influencing stream water quality. The YSI/Professional-Plus, a portable water quality measurement device, was used to determine the amounts of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved substance (TDS), ammonium (NH-N), nitrate (NO-N), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature besides measuring discharge and total suspended sediments (TSS) from a total of 27 sampling points in the field. Although the results revealed that the annual mean values of all water quality parameters for all four streams were mostly in good condition, for some time and points of the measurements, several parameters were found to be above the official water quality standards due to the intensive aforementioned anthropogenic activities, particularly in the stream waters of Murgul (e.g. pH and TSS being 10,84 and 236 mg/L, respectively) and Fabrika (e.g. EC of 412 μs/cm; DO of 4.44 mg/L; 14 ml of NO-N) sub-watersheds. These outcomes indicate that these two sub-watersheds have been impacted more severely by the human-induced disturbances compared to Hatila and Godrahav sub-watersheds.
拥有自然植被覆盖（森林、草原等）的未受改变的流域，除了提供淡水、控制水位和支持繁荣的溪边生态系统外，还带来了多种生态效益。然而，与世界上许多流域一样，本研究的研究区域博尔卡大坝流域（BDW）受到了许多人为干扰的影响，这些干扰影响了大面积的森林和草原地区以及土壤和水资源。因此，本研究的目的是评估和评价人为干扰可能产生的影响，特别是对四个子流域（法布里卡、戈德拉哈夫、哈蒂拉和穆尔古尔）主要溪流以及大坝水库的年径流量变化、一些水质参数和总悬浮沉积物（TSS）量的影响。此外，我们打算确认土地利用变化和/或转变在影响溪流水质方面发挥着重要作用。使用便携式水质测量设备YSI/Professional-Plus，除了在实地总共27个采样点测量流量和总悬浮沉积物（TSS）外，还用于测定pH值、溶解氧（DO）、总溶解物质（TDS）、铵（NH-N）、硝酸盐（NO-N）、盐度、电导率（EC）和温度。尽管结果显示所有四条溪流的所有水质参数的年均值大多状况良好，但在测量的某些时间和地点，由于上述强烈的人为活动，发现几个参数高于官方水质标准，特别是在穆尔古尔（例如pH值为10.84，TSS为236毫克/升）和法布里卡（例如EC为412微秒/厘米；DO为4.44毫克/升；NO-N为14毫克/升）子流域的溪流水质中。这些结果表明，与哈蒂拉和戈德拉哈夫子流域相比，这两个子流域受到人为干扰的影响更为严重。
