College of Vocational and Technical Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2023 Nov 1;251:126288. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126288. Epub 2023 Aug 13.
The surfactant-macromolecule interactions (SMI) are one of the most critical topics for scientific research and industrial application. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful tool for comprehensively studying the structural and conformational features of macromolecules at a size ranging from Angstroms to hundreds of nanometers with a time-resolve in milliseconds scale. The SAXS integrative techniques have emerged for comprehensively analyzing the SMI and the structure of their complex in solution. Here, the various types of emerging interactions of surfactant with macromolecules, such as protein, lipid, nuclear acid, polysaccharide and virus, etc. have been systematically reviewed. Additionally, the principle of SAXS and theoretical models of SAXS for describing the structure of SMI as well as their complex has been summarized. Moreover, the recent developments in the applications of SAXS for charactering the structure of SMI have been also highlighted. Prospectively, the capacity to complement artificial intelligence (AI) in the structure prediction of biological macromolecules and the high-throughput bioinformatics sequencing data make SAXS integrative structural techniques expected to be the primary methodology for illuminating the self-assembling dynamics and nanoscale structure of SMI. As advances in the field continue, we look forward to proliferating uses of SAXS based upon its abilities to robustly produce mechanistic insights for biology and medicine.
表面活性剂-大分子相互作用（SMI）是科学研究和工业应用中最关键的课题之一。小角 X 射线散射（SAXS）是一种强大的工具，可在纳秒级时间分辨率下从埃到数百纳米的尺寸范围内全面研究大分子的结构和构象特征。SAXS 综合技术已用于全面分析 SMI 及其在溶液中的复杂结构。在这里，系统地综述了表面活性剂与蛋白质、脂质、核酸、多糖和病毒等大分子的各种新兴相互作用。此外，还总结了 SAXS 的原理和 SAXS 理论模型，用于描述 SMI 的结构及其复合物。还强调了 SAXS 在表征 SMI 结构中的最新应用进展。展望未来，SAXS 整合结构技术有望成为阐明 SMI 自组装动力学和纳米结构的主要方法，因为它能够补充人工智能（AI）在生物大分子结构预测中的能力，并对高通量生物信息学测序数据进行处理。随着该领域的不断发展，我们期待基于 SAXS 能够为生物学和医学提供强大的机制见解，从而得到更广泛的应用。
