Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
Advanced Research Center for Well-Being, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2023 Nov 14;78(11):1843-1853. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbad115.
To develop effective promotion strategies for exercise behavior in older adults, it is essential to identify the psychological determinants. Previous studies investigated affective and instrumental attitudes as determinants. However, from the conceptual assumptions of socioemotional selectivity theory, affective attitudes might be more influential on the exercise behavior of older adults with an expansive future time perspective, whereas instrumental attitudes would be more influential on those with limited perspectives. This study examined whether the associations of affective and instrumental attitudes with behavioral intention and exercise behavior differed according to future time perspective among older Japanese adults.
Data were obtained from a 3-wave longitudinal questionnaire survey of 886 individuals (Wave 1: December 2017-January 2018; Wave 2, 1-year follow-up; Wave 3, 3-year follow-up). Using the data on exercise behavior, affective and instrumental attitudes, and behavioral intention at each wave, and the data of future time perspective and demographic factors at Wave 1, this study performed multiple regression analyses and a multigroup cross-lagged model.
Affective attitude was a significant predictor of behavioral intention regardless of future time perspective. Although instrumental attitude significantly predicted behavioral intention among those with a lower future time perspective, it did not predict behavioral intention among those with middle-to-higher future time perspective. Regardless of future time perspective, affective attitude, but not instrumental attitude, significantly predicted exercise behavior.
Unlike the socioemotional selectivity theory, this study found that affective attitude was more influential on exercise behavior than instrumental attitude regardless of future time perspective among them.
为了制定针对老年人锻炼行为的有效推广策略，确定心理决定因素至关重要。先前的研究调查了情感和工具态度作为决定因素。然而，根据社会情绪选择理论的概念假设，对于具有广阔未来时间视角的老年人，情感态度可能对其锻炼行为更具影响力，而对于具有有限视角的老年人，工具态度则更具影响力。本研究考察了在日本老年人中，情感和工具态度与行为意向和锻炼行为的关联是否因未来时间视角的不同而有所差异。
本研究采用三波纵向问卷调查的数据，共涉及 886 名个体（第 1 波：2017 年 12 月至 2018 年 1 月；第 2 波，1 年随访；第 3 波，3 年随访）。利用每一波的数据（包括锻炼行为、情感和工具态度以及行为意向）以及第 1 波的未来时间视角和人口统计学因素的数据，本研究进行了多元回归分析和多群组交叉滞后模型分析。
无论未来时间视角如何，情感态度都是行为意向的重要预测因素。虽然在未来时间视角较低的个体中，工具态度显著预测了行为意向，但在未来时间视角处于中等或较高水平的个体中，工具态度则没有预测行为意向。无论未来时间视角如何，情感态度而非工具态度，均显著预测了锻炼行为。
与社会情绪选择理论不同，本研究发现，在日本老年人中，无论未来时间视角如何，情感态度对锻炼行为的影响均大于工具态度。
