Am J Vet Res. 2023 Aug 21;84(10):1-11. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.23.03.0052. Print 2023 Sep 1.
To evaluate behaviors associated with inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan injection in the cockatiel and determine interobserver agreement.
16 adult cockatiels.
Cockatiels were randomly assigned as either treatment (carrageenan injection) or control (sham injection) group. The treatment group received a subcutaneous injection of 0.05 mL of a 1% lambda carrageenan solution into the left footpad. Following treatment or control procedures, all cockatiels were video recorded individually for 9.5 hours. Ten minutes of video at each of 11 time points postinjection and/or handling were evaluated by 3 different observers. Twenty-five behaviors within 6 categories (resting, locomotion, maintenance, intake, interaction with environment, and limb and body posture) were assessed, in addition to crest position and mentation. Differences in individual behaviors tallies were assessed using serial Wilcoxon sum rank tests. Interobserver agreement was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient for a 2-way design for consistency among multiple observers.
Treatment cockatiels exhibited significantly increased focal preening (q = .023) and increased burst preening (q = .036), while control cockatiels spent significantly more time in an upright stance (q = .036). Although the remainder of behaviors observed were not statistically significant between groups, additional variables of interest seen more frequently in treatment cockatiels included non-weight-bearing stance, holding of the body low, and being nonvigilant. The level of agreement between observers was variable based on the specific behaviors; nevertheless, the dynamic behaviors were substantial to strong.
Carrageenan-induced inflammation-associated behaviors may be valuable in developing a pain scale and evaluating mild inflammatory pain in small psittacine species.
评估在虎皮鹦鹉中由角叉菜胶注射引起的炎症性疼痛相关行为，并确定观察者间的一致性。
16 只成年虎皮鹦鹉。
虎皮鹦鹉被随机分配为治疗（角叉菜胶注射）或对照（假注射）组。治疗组接受 0.05 毫升 1% λ角叉菜胶溶液的皮下注射到左脚垫。在治疗或对照程序后，所有虎皮鹦鹉都被单独记录视频 9.5 小时。在注射和/或处理后的 11 个时间点的每个时间点评估 10 分钟的视频，由 3 个不同的观察者进行评估。评估了 6 个类别（休息、运动、维持、摄入、与环境的相互作用以及肢体和身体姿势）内的 25 种行为，以及羽冠位置和精神状态。使用串行 Wilcoxon 总和秩检验评估个体行为计数的差异。使用 2 种设计的组内相关系数评估观察者间的一致性，以评估多个观察者之间的一致性。
治疗组虎皮鹦鹉表现出明显增加的局部理羽（q =.023）和爆发性理羽（q =.036），而对照组虎皮鹦鹉则明显更多地处于直立姿势（q =.036）。尽管观察到的其余行为在组间没有统计学意义，但在治疗组中更频繁出现的其他感兴趣的变量包括非承重姿势、身体低位保持和非警觉。观察者之间的一致性水平因特定行为而异；然而，动态行为是实质性的。
角叉菜胶诱导的炎症相关行为可能对开发疼痛量表和评估小型鹦鹉物种的轻度炎症性疼痛有价值。
