Department of Environment, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
Department of Geology, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
Environ Monit Assess. 2023 Aug 17;195(9):1052. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-11602-1.
Recently, for quick urbanization and industrialization, pollutants, especially urban dust, have posed many threats to the human environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are regarded as the main dangerous pollutants that are widespread, persistent, and carcinogenic. The present work aimed to investigate the contamination and sources of PAHs, as well as to assess the risk of cancer for 16 priority PAHs, in urban dust samples in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz cities in Iran. We measured PAH concentrations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average concentrations of the 16 PAHs in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz were 6215.11, 7611.03, and 7810.37 μg kg, respectively. The domination of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs was observed in Ahvaz, while maximum contribution was observed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs in Esfahan and Shiraz. For PAHs' source identification, diagnostic ratio, correlation analysis, clustering, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used. PAHs had a combustion (coal and wood, oil, fossil fuels) and gasoline/diesel engine emissions in all cities. Comparative studies suggest that the PAH compounds' level is higher in the research area than in other countries, except for China and India. Also, the pollution of urban dust PAHs has increased over time compared to previous studies in the same cities. The cancer risk from exposure to dust contaminated with PAHs was assessed using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model. According to the findings, a high risk of exposure to cancer was observed in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz. However, compared to adults, children are at higher risk of cancer in their daily lives via dermal contact and unconscious ingestion. Based on the ILCR values, the risk of cancer is in the order of Shiraz > Isfahan > Ahvaz. To assess air pollutants and their effects on urban dust, TROPOMI onboard the Sentinel-5P data were used in the studied cities during 2018-2021. The results show that Ahvaz has different high levels of CO compared to the other 2 cities. Also, Isfahan has different high levels of NO compared to the other 2 cities, but Shiraz has different low levels of O. According to satellite time series data, the trend of the Aerosol Absorbing Index (AAI) has been increasing, while there was a decreasing trend in AAI from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic until 12 months later. Therefore, the natural and anthropogenic sources of urban dust PAHs have been increasing in all studied cities. Our findings show that PAH compounds in urban dust pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, strategic management and planning are vital in reducing urban dust pollution.
最近，由于快速城市化和工业化，污染物，特别是城市灰尘，对人类环境构成了许多威胁。多环芳烃（PAHs）被认为是广泛存在、持久且致癌的主要危险污染物。本研究旨在调查伊朗阿瓦士、伊斯法罕和设拉子城市中城市灰尘样本中 PAHs 的污染和来源，以及评估 16 种优先 PAHs 的癌症风险。我们使用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测量 PAH 浓度。阿瓦士、伊斯法罕和设拉子城市中 16 种 PAHs 的平均浓度分别为 6215.11、7611.03 和 7810.37μgkg。在阿瓦士，观察到低分子量（LMW）PAHs 的主导地位，而在伊斯法罕和设拉子，则观察到高分子量（HMW）PAHs 的最大贡献。为了识别 PAHs 的来源，我们使用了诊断比、相关性分析、聚类和正矩阵因子化（PMF）模型。在所有城市中，PAHs 均来自燃烧（煤和木材、石油、化石燃料）和汽油/柴油发动机排放。与其他国家相比，除中国和印度外，该研究区域的多环芳烃化合物水平高于其他国家。此外，与同一城市以前的研究相比，城市灰尘中 PAHs 的污染随时间推移而增加。我们使用增量终生癌症风险（ILCR）模型评估了受 PAHs 污染的灰尘中接触致癌的风险。研究结果表明，阿瓦士、伊斯法罕和设拉子的癌症暴露风险较高。然而，与成人相比，儿童在日常生活中通过皮肤接触和无意识摄入而面临更高的癌症风险。根据 ILCR 值，癌症风险的顺序为设拉子>伊斯法罕>阿瓦士。为了评估空气污染物及其对城市灰尘的影响，我们在研究城市中使用了搭载在 Sentinel-5P 卫星上的 TROPOMI 数据，时间跨度为 2018 年至 2021 年。结果表明，与其他两个城市相比，阿瓦士的 CO 水平较高。此外，与其他两个城市相比，伊斯法罕的 NO 水平较高，但与其他两个城市相比，设拉子的 O 水平较低。根据卫星时间序列数据，气溶胶吸收指数（AAI）的趋势一直在增加，而自 COVID-19 大流行开始到 12 个月后，AAI 的趋势一直在下降。因此，所有研究城市的城市灰尘 PAHs 的自然和人为来源都在增加。我们的研究结果表明，城市灰尘中的 PAH 化合物对人类健康构成了重大威胁。因此，战略管理和规划对于减少城市灰尘污染至关重要。
